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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 4 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for feedback regulation of breathing?

A

Chemoreceptors sense pCO2 and pO2 levels

-> chemoreflex

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2
Q

In response to chemoreflex, what changes?

A

ventilation

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3
Q

Graph of arteriole pCO2 and ventilation rate is in what shape? What is it called?

A

hyperbola downards

metabolic hyperbola

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4
Q

What does the shape of the metabolic hyperbola depend on?

A

rate of production of CO2 by metabolism

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5
Q

How is CO2 and O2 monitored?

A

chemoreceptors

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6
Q

2 types of chemoreceptors

A
  1. central

2. peripheral

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7
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located…

A

in medulla oblongata & other brain tissue

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8
Q

Central chemoreceptors detect…

A

[H+] in cerebrospinal fluid

caused by increased pCO2 in cerebral capillaries

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9
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are located in…

A

carotid (mainly) & aortic arteries

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10
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors detect…

A

[H+] in blood
low plasma O2

caused by increased plasma CO2 & decreased plasma O2

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11
Q

what increases sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

decreased pO2

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12
Q

The sensitivity of __ is dependent on pO2 levels

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

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13
Q

After medulla receives info from chemoreceptors, how does it respond?

A

via somatic motor neurons that go to intercostals and diaphragm

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14
Q

How long does it take for central chemoreceptors to respond?

A

5 min

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15
Q

How do central chemoreceptors send signal?

A

H+ blocks K+ channels, and causes depolarization in the chemoreceptor

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16
Q

an increase in H+ is associated with…

A

increased plasma pCO2

17
Q

Relationship between pCO2 and ventilation

A

linear; proportional

18
Q

__ chemoreflex provides most of our drive to breathe

A

central

19
Q

when is central chemoreflex not used?

A

during emergencies

20
Q

why is hyperventilating before diving dangerous?

A
  • increase pO2
  • this decreases sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to high pCO2
  • will not easily send signal to respiratory control centers
21
Q

How is peripheral chemoreceptor activity modulated by low O2?

A
  1. O2 enters the glomus cell in carotid
  2. low pO2 causes K+ channels to close
  3. cell depolarization
  4. Ca++ gates open and enter cell
  5. Ca++ cause exocytosis of dopamine
  6. bind to dopamine receptor on sensory neuron
  7. sends AP to medulla
  8. increase ventilation
22
Q

What NT does O2 need to send signals to medulla?

A

dopamine

23
Q

what cell must O2 enter to send signals to medulla?

A

glomus cell

24
Q

Where does the conversion to bicarb take place in the brain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

25
Q

Relationship between H+, HCO2-, pCO2 is called…

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

26
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

24 pCO2 / [HCO3-]

27
Q

Normal value for [H+]

A

40 nmol/L

28
Q

Normal value for pCO2

A

40 mmHg

29
Q

Normal value for [bicarb]

A

24 mmol/L

30
Q

How much acid is removed by respiratory system per day? What is removed?

A

10 000 mmol carbonic acid

31
Q

How much acid is removed by renal system per day? What is removed?

A

100 mmol of fixed acids

32
Q

Things that may cause respiratory acidosis

A
  • lung disease

- overdose of sedatives

33
Q

things that may cause metabolic acidosis

A
  • methanol poisoning
  • ketoacidosis
  • diarrhea
34
Q

things that may cause respiratory alkalosis

A
  • hyperventilation

- aspirin poisoning

35
Q

things that may cause metabolic alkalosis

A
  • vomitting
36
Q

Compensation for acidosis

A
  1. increased respiratory rate
  2. kidney secretes H+ as NH4+ / combined with buffers
  3. kidney generate bicarb
  4. buffer systems absorb H+
37
Q

Compensation for alkalosis

A
  1. decreased respiratory rate
  2. kidney get rid of bicarb
  3. buffer systems release H+

PSL301 (29 decks)

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