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PSL301 > PSL301: Cardio 4 > Flashcards

PSL301: Cardio 4 Flashcards

1
Q

First heart sound

A

“lub”

Closing of AV valves

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2
Q

Second heart sound

A

“dup”

Closing of semilunar valves

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3
Q

Ausculation

A

Listening to heart

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4
Q

What might cause a leaky aortic valve?

A

Calcification of aortic walls (hardening)

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5
Q

What happens when the valves don’t close properly?

A

Blood leaks backwards

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6
Q

When the aortic valve doesn’t fully close, what sound is made?

A

sloshing sound

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7
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

Leaking aortic valve (backflow into left ventricle)

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8
Q

Aortic regurgitation seen on PV loop

A
  • Pressure same as normal

- Vol increased

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9
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Opening of aortic valve is narrower

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10
Q

Aortic stenosis seen on PV loop

A
  • Volume same as normal

- Pressure increased

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11
Q

2 phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. diastole

2. systole

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12
Q

How does systole pump blood?

A

Contraction raises pressure

Blood flows down pressure gradient

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13
Q

Events on the right & left side of the heart are the ___, but pressure are lower on the ___

A

Same

Right

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14
Q

ESV =

A

end systolic volume

65 mL

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15
Q

EDV =

A

end diastolic volume

135 mL

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16
Q

How much blood we are moving (CO) depends on…

A
  • HR

- Stroke vol

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17
Q

Formula: SV

A

SV = EDV - ESV

Usually 70 mL

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18
Q

Inotrope

A

Agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions

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19
Q

How to maximize SV?

A

Higher EDV
Lower ESV
(this maximizes the difference)

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20
Q

Increase preload causes SV to…

Explain

A

Go up

Higher EDV

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21
Q

Define: SV

A

amount of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 contraction

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22
Q

Formula: CO

A

CO = HR x SV

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23
Q

Define: CO

A

amount of blood pumped per ventricle per unit time

24
Q

Unit for CO

A

L/min

25
Q

Unit for SV

A

mL/beat

26
Q

What is the normal CO?

A

5L/min

27
Q

What is normal blood volume?

A

5L

28
Q

Cardiac reserve is the difference between ___ and ___ CO

A

Resting

max

29
Q

What does Frank-Starling Law of the Heart ask?

A

What affects stroke volumes?

30
Q

What affects stroke volume?

A
  • Preload (mostly)

- Afterload

31
Q

Preload

A

Pressure at the end of diastole

32
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure during ventricular contraction

33
Q

What increases SV?

A 
Increased EDV
Exercise (increase venous return)
Slow HR (allow more to fill)
34
Q

What decreases SV?

A

Blood loss
Rapid HR (no time to fill)
Decreased EDV

35
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that…

A

SV increases as EDV increases

36
Q

EDV is affected directly by…

A

Venous return

37
Q

Venous return is directly affected by

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
  • SNS
38
Q

Force of contraction of heart is affected by…

A

EDV

Contractility / length of muscle fibre

39
Q

The Starling curve shows..

A

relationship between stretch (EDV) & force (SV)

Increased stretch = increased pressure
Increased EDV = increased SV

40
Q

How does increased EDV lead to increased SV?

A

EDV stretches the sacromere out more

41
Q

What happens to the Starling curve as intensity of exercise increases?

A

Becomes higher; bigger slope

Same EDV = higher SV

42
Q

What happens when EDV is too high?

A

Sacromeres stretch too much = left ventricle dysfunction

43
Q

Example of inotrope

A

NE

44
Q

How does NE affect contractility of the heart?

A

Starling curve looks like exercise
Same EDV = higher SV

Increase contractility

45
Q

are NE and E positive or negative inotropes?

A

Positive (increase contractility)

46
Q

Negative inotropes ___ contractility

A

decrease

47
Q

Examples of negative inotropes

A
  • B-blocker

- Ca channel blocker

48
Q

What is the purpose of negative inotropes?

A
  • Decrease risk of second MI

- Hypertension

49
Q

Contractility is independent of…

A
  • stretch

- EDV

50
Q

Increase in contractility comes from…

A
  • Sm stimuli
  • Hormones
  • more Ca++
  • Drugs
51
Q

Define: contractility

A

increase in contractile strength

52
Q

SNS ___ venous contraction

A

increases

53
Q

How does Sm NT affect contractility?

A

Bind to B1 G-proteins -> cAMP & PKA

More Ca++ binding to troponin

54
Q

High blood pressure ___ SV

A

decreases

55
Q

Only ___ affect the HR

A
  • SNS

- PNS

PSL301 (29 decks)

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