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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 6 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 6 Flashcards

High altitude and exercise

1
Q

what is considered high altitude?

A

> 1500 m

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2
Q

main problem at high altitudes?

A

hypoxia

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3
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in dry air?

A

253 x 0.21 = 53 mmHg

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4
Q

How does the peripheral chemoreflex respond to hypoxia?

A
  • Will increase ventilation rate faster
  • more dramatic increase
  • begin responding at lower pCO2 levels
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5
Q

What happens to the hemoglobin saturation curve when hyperventilating?

A
  • CO2 decreases
  • H+ decreases
  • pH increases (basic)
  • more O saturation at tissues (does not release)
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6
Q

long term consequences of hypoxia

A
  • release of erythropoietin

- synthesis of 2,3-DPG in RBC

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7
Q

What effect does 2,3-DPG have on the hemoglobin saturation curve?

A

right shift

- Hb has less affinity for O2

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8
Q

2,3-DPG is an intermediate of the ___ pathway

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

When does 2,3-DPG degrate?

A

When blood is stored

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10
Q

What conditions are related to high altitude? Which are very serious?

A
  1. mountain sickness
  2. high altitude pulmonary edema **
  3. high altitude cerebral edema **
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11
Q

mountain sickness symptoms

A
  • headache
  • irritability
  • insomnia
  • breathlessness
  • nausea
  • vomitting
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12
Q

symptoms of mountain sickness is caused by…

A

cerebral autoregulation of blood flow

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13
Q

symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema

A
  • swelling of lungs
  • shortness of breath
  • cough pink frothy fluid
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14
Q

high altitude pulmonary edema

A

hypertension in the lungs

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15
Q

high altitude cerebral edema

A

swelling of the brain

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16
Q

high altitude cerebral edema symptoms

A
  • ataxia
  • disorientation
  • coma & death (due to capillary leakage)
  • brain swelling
  • herniation of brain through the tentorium
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17
Q

herniation of brain through the tentorium

A

brain is pushed out through a hole towards the cerebellum if swelling is severe

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18
Q

ataxia

A

cannot control muscles

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19
Q

what happens during pulmonary edema?

A

Normally, lungs vasoconstrict blood vessels around aveoli that have low pO2 and pCO2 to increase efficiency. At high altitudes, all alveoli have low pO2 and pCO2 so all blood vessels become constricted.

  • increased blood pressure
  • pushes fluid out of vessels
  • fluid surrounds alveoli, making it harder for gas exchange
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20
Q

prevention of hypoxia

A

acetazolamide

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21
Q

what does acetazolamide do?

A
  • stops CA enzyme
  • diuretic: reduce fluid in body
  • forces the kidneys to excrete bicarb: want less alkaline conditions
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22
Q

treatment for hypoxia

A
  • go to lower altitude

- give O2

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23
Q

treatment for cerebral edema

A

glucocorticoids

- anti-inflammatory

24
Q

treatment for pulmonary edema

A

Nifedipine: lower pulmonary artery pressure by blocking L-type Ca++ channels

25
Q

what happens to oxygen levels during exercise?

A

increases (log graph), then plateaus high for duration of exercise

26
Q

What happens to oxygen levels at the end of exercise?

A

Rapid decrease (hyperbola)

27
Q

what is used to deliver more oxygen to muscles during exercise?

A

respiratory & cardiovascular systems

28
Q

What is the limiting factor during exercise?

A

cardiovascular system

29
Q

What components of the respiratory system is affected during exercise?

A
  • TV
  • breathing frequency
  • ventilation
30
Q

What components of the cardiovascular system is affected during exercise?

A
  • SV
  • HR
  • CO
31
Q

Regulation of blood flow during exercise

A

21% goes to skeletal muscles @ rest
88% goes to skeletal muscles @ exercise

CO: 6 L/min -> 30 L/min

32
Q

How does the respiratory system know to increase ventilation during exercise?

A
  1. motor system tells skeletal muscles to contract -> sends info to medulla, which tells breathing to increase
  2. proprioceptors in muscles tell respiratory center to increase breathing
  3. chemoreceptors can also cause increased breathing
33
Q

Difference between aerobic -> anaerobic respiration

A
  • arterial pH drops
  • venous pO2 drops
  • arterial pCO2 drops a little
  • ventilation increases
34
Q

what does not change between aerobic & anaerobic respiration?

A 
arterial pO2
arterial pCO2 (somewhat)
35
Q

What causes the decrease in pH during anaerobic exercise

A

lactic acid

36
Q

How can ventilation be increased in response to exercise signal? [rapid response]

A
  1. mechanoreceptors & proprioceptors in exercising limbs send info to medulla
  2. tells it to increase respiration
  3. descending motor commands that go to muscles spill over to medulla
37
Q

How can ventilation be increased in response to exercise signal? [slow response]

A
  1. receptors in muscles & blood vessels send signals to medulla
  2. central & peripheral chemoreceptors
38
Q

define: cardio-respiratory fitness

A
  • ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate/high intensity exercise for prolonged periods
  • ability to transport and use oxygen
39
Q

cardio-respiratory fitness is measured as…

A

max oxygen consumed during intense whole body exercise (VO2 max)

40
Q

higher VO2max means someone is ___ fit

A

more

41
Q

VO2max indicates…

A

max aerobic work that an individual can achieve

42
Q

how to measure VO2max directly?

A
  • make person work at max capacity
  • measure O2 consumption
  • units: L/min or mL/kg/min
43
Q

How to normalize VO2 max values?

A

divide by weight

44
Q

value: VO2 max for young males

A

3 - 3.5 L/min

45
Q

value: VO2 max for young females

A

2 - 2.5 L/min

46
Q

value: normalized VO2 max for young males

A

45 - 50 mL/kg/min

47
Q

value: normalized VO2 max for young females

A

35 - 45 mL/kg/min

48
Q

what is considered an excellent normalized VO2 max value for males?

A

> 60

49
Q

what is considered an excellent normalized VO2 max value for females?

A

> 55

50
Q

What test is used to estimate VO2 max?

A

Astrand Fitness Test

51
Q

steps of the Astrand Fitness Test

A
  1. exercise at known work rate for 5-6 min to reach steady state
  2. measure heart rate using pulse in the last minute of exercise
  3. use tables to look up VO2 max using HR, age, sex
52
Q

assumptions of the Astrand Fitness Test

A
  1. Aerobic work is proportional to oxygen uptake, independent of the type of work
  2. oxygen uptake is proportional to CO, which is proportional to HR
  3. max heart rate is the same for all individuals of the same age and sex
  4. the slope of the HR vs. work is the same for all individuals
53
Q

How to determine the fittest individual looking at the result of an Astrand Fitness Test?

A
  • which has the lowest resting HR? (smaller y axis)

- which has the highest work rate? (bigger x axis)

54
Q

Long-term benefits of aerobic exercise:

A
  • higher oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle
  • incr. CO
  • decreased resting HR
  • incr. max HR
  • increase blood vlume
  • decrease BP
  • increase number of capillaries
  • increase VO2 max
  • maintain body weight
  • improve psychological function
  • decrease risk of chronic disease
  • increase life span
55
Q

what are some chronic diseases that are affected by exercise?

A
  • diabetes
  • osteoporosis
  • cancer
  • heart disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease
56
Q

Why might exercise help those with diabetes?

A

improves glucose tolerance & insulin secretion

PSL301 (29 decks)

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