PSL301: Cardio 7

Question 1

List the chemicals that cause vasoconstriction

Answer 1

• NE binding to a-receptors

- ANG II

Question 2

List the chemicals that cause vasodilation

Answer 2

• E binding to B2-receptors
• Adenosine
• Natriuretic peptides
• low O, high CO2, high H+, high K+

Question 3

Physiological role of NE (a-receptor)

Answer 3

Baroreflex

Question 4

Physiological role of ANG II

Answer 4

Increase blood pressure

Question 5

Physiological role of E (B2-receptor)

Answer 5

Increased blood flow / dilation

Question 6

Physiological role of adenosine

Answer 6

Increase blood flow to match metabolism

Question 7

Physiological role of natriuretic peptides

Answer 7

Reduce blood pressure

Question 8

Physiological role of low O2, high CO2, high H+, high K+

Answer 8

Increase blood flow to match metabolism

Question 9

NE is a type of…

Answer 9

NT

Question 10

ANG II is a type of…

Answer 10

Hormone

Question 11

E is a type of…

Answer 11

NT

Question 12

Adenosine is a type of…

Answer 12

Paracrine signal

Question 13

Low O2, high CO2, high H+, High K+ is a type of…

Answer 13

Paracine signal

Question 14

Natriuretic peptides are types of…

Answer 14

Hormones

NT

Question 15

Source of NE

Answer 15

sympathetic neurons

Question 16

Source of ANG II

Answer 16

Plasma hormone ANG I

Question 17

Source of E

Answer 17

Adrenal medulla

Question 18

Source of adenosine

Answer 18

hypoxic cells

Question 19

Source of low O2, high CO2, high H+, high K+

Answer 19

Cell metabolism

Question 20

Source of natriuretic peptides

Answer 20

Atrial myocardium

Brain

Question 21

The difference of effects for E and NE depend on…

Answer 21

the receptor

Question 22

Define: hyperemia

Answer 22

Locally mediated increase in blood flow

Question 23

What happens during active hyperemia?

Answer 23

1. Release of (metabolic) vasodilators into ECF
2. Arterioles dilate
3. Decrease resistance & increase blood flow
4. More supplies given to the metabolically active cell
5. Blood flow eventually washes vasodilators away

Question 24

2 types of hyperemia

Answer 24

1. Active

2. Reactive

Question 25

What happens during reactive hyperemia?

Answer 25

1. Cells release metabolic vasodilators into ECF 2. There is an something blocking the blood vessel going to that tissue 3. Arterioles will dilate until occlusion is removed 4. Decreased resistance & increased blood flow 5. Blood will carry the vasodilators away over time

Question 26

Which are metabolic vasodilators?

Answer 26

- Adenosine - Low O2 - High CO2 - High H+

Question 27

NE binding to a-receptors cause vasodilation/vasoconstriction?

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction

Question 28

Capillary density is related to...

Answer 28

metabolic activity of cells

Question 29

Bone marrow, liver, spleen do not have capillaries. Instead, they have...

Answer 29

sinusoids

Question 30

Sinusoids

Answer 30

Capillary-like vessels at the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Large gaps that allow proteins and RBC to move across.

Question 31

How many capillaries are there?

Answer 31

> 10 billion

Question 32

SA of capillaries?

Answer 32

500 - 700 m2

Question 33

2 types of capillaries

Answer 33

1. Continuous | 2. Fenestrated

Question 34

What are the gaps between continuous capillaries? Fenestrated ones?

Answer 34

- Leaky junctions / endothelial cell junctions | - Endothelial cell junctions & fenestrations

Question 35

Difference b/t continuous and fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 35

Continuous: - inner lining smooth - endothelial cell junctions only - only solutes can pass through Fenestrated: - rough inner lining - also have fenestrations - allow high volumes to flow through

Question 36

Where can continuous capillaries be found?

Answer 36

muscles neural tissues connective tissues

Question 37

Where can fenestrated capillaries be found?

Answer 37

kidneys | intestines

Question 38

Relationship between total x-section area and velocity of flow

Answer 38

Higher area = lower velocity of flow

Question 39

Exchange between plasma & ISF occurs by ___ pathway or ___ transport

Answer 39

paracellular | endothelial

Question 40

Small dissolved solutes and gasses move by __

Answer 40

diffusion (go through cell without a vesicle)

Question 41

Large solutes & proteins move by ___

Answer 41

vesicular transport

Question 42

Paracellular pathway

Answer 42

Substance passes through space between endothelial cells

Question 43

Endothelial transport

Answer 43

Substance passes through an endothelial layer by going through endothelial cells

Question 44

At capillaries, large proteins are transported by...

Answer 44

transcytosis

Question 45

Define: bulk flow

Answer 45

Mass movement of fluid as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

Question 46

Filtration occurs at __ end; absorption occurs at __ end

Answer 46

Arteriole | Venous

Question 47

Define: filtration

Answer 47

Fluid movement out of blood

Question 48

Define: absorption

Answer 48

Fluid movement into blood

Question 49

How do lipid insoluble substances cross capillary walls?

Answer 49

Through intercellular cleft

Question 50

Intercellular cleft

Answer 50

Space between endothelial cells (paracellular pathway)

Question 51

Permeability of capillary pores for difference substances varies according to...

Answer 51

How big the molecule is

Question 52

Capillary permeability depend on...

Answer 52

1. size of molecule | 2. type of capillary

Question 53

What is the space between cells called?

Answer 53

Interstitium

Question 54

What is the fluid in the interstitium called?

Answer 54

ISF

Question 55

Interstitium

Answer 55

space between cells

Question 56

2 major solid structures in interstitium

Answer 56

1. Collagen fibres | 2. Proteoglycan fillaments

Question 57

Proteoglycan filaments

Answer 57

coiled molecules composed of hyaluronic acid

Question 58

Most of the ISF is composed of...

Answer 58

1. fluid proteoglycan mixtures (gel) | 2. some free fluid (very little amount)