PSL301: Cardio 9 Flashcards
Extrinsic factors that cause changes in BP
- Age
- Sex
- weight
- race
- mood
- posture
- socioeconomic status
- physical activity
What counts as hypotension?
systolic BP below 100 mmHg
What counts as hypertension?
140/90 or higher
Must be constantly this high
Transient elevations in BP are __. Caused by…
Normal
fever, physical activity, emotions
Chronic elevations in BP are __. May cause…
Risky
heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, stroke
3 types of hypotension
- Orthostatic
- Chronic
- Acute
Orthostatic hypotension
“head rush”
temporary low BP due to standing up
Chronic hypotension
- Poor nutrition
- Warning for Addison’s disease
Addison’s disease
Less aldosterone production
Acute hypotension
Circulatory shock
Acute hypotension is a threat to…
patients undergoing surgery
intensive chair
Relationship between blood pressure and risk for CVD
Positive correlation
Hypertension stagaes
- Normal
- Prehypertentative
- Stage 1 hypertension
- Stage 2 hypertension
What happens to the baroreflex during hypertension?
Baroreceptors adapt to high BP, and will not tell body to lower BP
Consequences of hypertension
- Damage to blood vessels
- Increase cardiac load
- Contribute to atherosclerosis
- Pressure imbalances
2 types of hypertension
- Essential
2. Secondary
Essential hypertension is caused by…
unknown
Frequency of essential vs. secondary hypertension
90%
10%
Secondary hypertension is caused by…
other diseases that affect blood flow
Secondary hypertension
- Damage to tissues
- Damage to sympathetic nervous system
Consequences of hypertension
- Heart muscle hypertropies to keep CO constant with increased R
- Pulmonary edema
- Congestive heart failure
- Risk for atherosclerosis
Treatment for hypertension
- Ca channel blockers
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
Consequences of hypertension
- Edema
- Hypertrophy
- Heart failure
Causes of heart failure
- heart disease
- hypertension
- electrolyte imbalance
Which plant can increase contractilty of heart muscles?
Digitalis
What is heart failure?
CO is inadequate
Treatment for heart failure (and why)
- Digitalis (increase contractility)
- Diuretics (less vol. to pump)
- Nitroglycerin (less resistance)
Diuretics have what affect on blood volume?
Lowers it
Nitroglycerin is a…
vasodilator
Goal of heart failure treatment
- heart work more efficiently
- reduce stress on heart
Circulatory shock
Too little blood in vessels; organs can’t get enough nutrients and O2
Different types of shock
- Hypovolemic shock
- Vascular shock
- Cardiogenic shock
Define: hypovolemic shock
Rapid, severe blood loss
Lower blood volume
Types of vascular shock
- Anaphylaxis
2. Septicemia
Define: anaphylactic shock
Allergic / immune reactions
Release of histamine
Define: septic shock
Caused by infection of bacteria
NO dilate blood vessels
Define: cardiogenic shock
Infarcted heart (part of heart does not get O) Abnotmal CO
Overall symptoms of shock
Lower CO
Low BP ( tissues build up metabolic waste & lactic acid
This will positive feedback until death
Treatment for shock
Give O2, fluids, NE, remove bacteria
Symptoms for exercise is very similar to ___
shock
CO during exercise
25L/min
Where does most of the blood flow during exercise?
Skeletal muscles
Where does most of the blood flow to during rest?
Digestive system
