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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 5 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 5 Flashcards

Neural regulation of breathing

1
Q

Ondine’s curse is also known as…

A

congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

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2
Q

what is Ondine’s curse?

A

breathe normally during the day, but can’t breathe at night (attached to ventilator)

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3
Q

What controls respiratory muscles?

A

spinal motor neurons

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4
Q

What controls the diaphragm

A

Phrenic motoneurons / phrenic nerve

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5
Q

Where are phrenic motoneurons found?

A

cervical spinal cord segments C3, C4, C5

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6
Q

phrenic nerve is made up of…

A

phrenic motoneuron axons

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7
Q

What controls the intercostal muscles?

A

motoneurons for intercostal nerves

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8
Q

where are the motoneurons for intercostal nerves found?

A

Thoracic spinal cord segments T1 to T12

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9
Q

List the segments of the spinal cord from top to bottom

A

cervical
thoracic
lumber
sacral

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10
Q

the rhythmic activity of respiratory motor neurons are mainly controlled by…

A

premotor neurons in the medulla

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11
Q

What is the relationship between inspiration/expiration and phrenic nerve activity?

A
  • rapid positive feedback loop for phrenic nerves (more and more active neurons)
  • this increasing activity leads to inspiration
  • activity suddenly stops = expiration
  • no nerve activity during expiration
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12
Q

Why is there no phrenic nerve activity during expiration?

A

expiration is a passive process under normal conditions

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13
Q

DRG

A

dorsal respiratory group

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14
Q

VRG

A

ventral respiratory group

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15
Q

NTS

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

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16
Q

PRG

A

pontine respiratory group

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17
Q

Higher brain centers that control breathing connects to… (and where is it located?)

A

limbic system –> PRG in the pons

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18
Q

How does higher brain centers influence breathing?

A

sending axons to the different reasons in the medulla (which then sends motor neurons to the respiratory muscles)

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19
Q

Where is DRG located?

A

in the NTS

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20
Q

PRG sends info to the…

A
  • NTS

- VRG

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21
Q

NTS sends info to the…

A
  • inspiratory muscles

- PRG (feedback)

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22
Q

NTS is located in the…

A

medulla

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23
Q

What is located on the NTS?

A

medullary chmoreceptors

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24
Q

NTS houses…

A

DRG

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25
Q

VRG sends info to the…

A

expiratory, inspiratory, pharynx, larynx, tongue muscles

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26
Q

NTS receives input from…

A

sensory input from CN IX, X

- mechanical & chemosensory information about stretch of the lungs

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27
Q

What 2 things in the NTS and VRG sends info to each other?

A

DRG pre-Botzinger complex

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28
Q

respiratory neurons display

A

mutual inhibition (inspiratory inhibits expiratory and vice versa)

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29
Q

Which neurons are fired during inspiration?

A
  • I INC
  • I DEC
  • I CON
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30
Q

Which neurons are fired during expiration?

A
  • E INC

- E DEC

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31
Q

What does the I INC mean?

A

During inspiration, neuron firing rate increases

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32
Q

What does I CON mean?

A

During inspiration, neuron firing rate is constant

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33
Q

What does E DEC mean?

A

During expiration, neuron firing rate decreases

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34
Q

____ produces respiratory rhythm

A

rhythm generating neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex

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35
Q

where are the pattern generating neurons mainly located?

A

VRG

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36
Q

____ controls the pattern of activation in the pre-motor neurons

A

pattern generating neurons

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37
Q

What does rhythm generating neurons do?

A

produces respiratory rhythm (pacemaker activity)

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38
Q

Where are rhythm generating neurons located?

A

pre-Botzinger complex

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39
Q

What does pattern generating neurons do?

A

controls the pattern of activation in the pre-motor neurons

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40
Q

Function: afferent relay neurons

A
  • integrate peripheral afferent inputs

- distribute info to rhythm and pattern generating neurons

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41
Q

Where are afferent relay neurons mostly located?

A

DRG

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42
Q

Function: cranial motoneruons

A

activate muscles of airway & bronchiolar smooth muscle

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43
Q

Location: cranial motoneurons

A

nucleus ambiguus (part of VRG)

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44
Q

muscles of the airway include…

A
  • larynx

- pharynx

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45
Q

Function: pre-motor neurons

A

activate respiratory motoneurons in the spinal cord

46
Q

What are the respiratory motoneurons?

A
  • phrenic

- intercostal

47
Q

Where are pre-motor neurons located?

A

VRG

DRG

48
Q

respiratory neurons in the pons receive sensory info from…

A

DRG

49
Q

What does respiratory neurons influence?

A

initiation & termination of inspiration

50
Q

function: pontine respiratory group

A

provide tonic input to medulla –> coordinate smooth respiratory rhythm

51
Q

What happens during forced breathing?

A
  • some neurons in medulla becomes activated
  • activation of accessory muscles for inspiration
  • activation of internal intercostals & abs for expiration
52
Q

example of accessory muscle activated during forced breathing

A

sternocleidomastoids

53
Q

example of when forced breathing occurs

A

exercise

54
Q

Respiratory generating neurons can…

A

1) function as network that oscillates: connected together synaptically
2) be pacemaker cells
3) both

55
Q

What happens during initial phase of hypoxia?

A
  • augmentation of breathing rate

- sigh

56
Q

What happens during late phase of hypoxia?

A
  • depression of breathing rate

- gasping

57
Q

Difference of respiratory pattern in whole animal vs. medulla slice as observed from the pre-Botzinger complex

A

medulla slice is…

  • fictive eupnea
  • fictive sigh
  • fictive gasping
58
Q

rhythmic breathing is controlled by…

A

medulla & pons

59
Q

rhythmic breathing can be affected by

A
  • voluntary control from motor cortex
  • chemoreceptors
  • reflexes
  • posture
  • startling events
  • emotions
  • exercise
  • pain
60
Q

reflexes that affect breathing

A

sneezing, coughing

61
Q

how does posture affect breathing?

A

affects intercostal & abdominal muscles

62
Q

does pain increase or decrease breathing?

A

increase

63
Q

Which 2 factors that affect rhythmic breathing goes through reticular formation?

A
  • emotions –> limbic system

- sensory stimuli (pain, startling events)

64
Q

3 efferent motor pathways of breathing. Which are the main pathways?

A

1) brainstem –> spinal phrenic motoneurons –> phrenic nerve –> diaphragm
2) primary motor cortex –> spinal phrenic motoneurons –> phrenic nerve –> diaphragm
3) premotor cortex –> spinal phrenic motoneurons –> phrenic nerve –> diaphragm

(1) and (2) are main

65
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are affected by…

A

pO2 and [H+]

  • more sensitive when there is low O2
  • respond to high H+
66
Q

receptors in the respiratory system

A
  • central chemoreceptors
  • peripheral chemoreceptors
  • airway & lung receptors
67
Q

location: central chemoreceptors

A

medulla

68
Q

location: peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid artery & aorta

69
Q

central chemoreceptors are affected by…

A

[H+]

- respond to high H+

70
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors send signals via the ___ nerve to ____

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

medullary respiratory neurons

71
Q

airway & lung receptors send signals via the ___ nerve to ____

A

vagus

medullary respiratory neurons

72
Q

central chemoreceptors send info to…

A

medullary respiratory neurons

73
Q

medullary respiratory neurons sends signals to the upper airway muscles via the ___ nerve

A

vagus

74
Q

medullary respiratory neurons send signals to…

A
  • spinal respiratory motoneurons
  • upper airway muscles
  • airway smooth muscle
75
Q

pathway from medullary respiratory neurons to pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. medullary respiratory neurons
  2. spinal respiratory motoneruons
  3. respiratory muscles
  4. pulmonary ventilation
76
Q

feedback of respiratory muscles

A
  1. muscle receptors

2. spinal respiratory motoneurons

77
Q

pO2 and [H+] levels are affected by…

A

pulmonary ventilation

78
Q

airway & lung receptors receive signals from…

A

pulmonary ventilation

79
Q

what are the types of airway & lung receptors?

A
  • stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors)

- irritant receptors (C-fiber endings)

80
Q

stretched out lungs signal…

A

the end of inspiration

81
Q

stretch receptors are composed of…

A
  • slow adapting receptors

- rapidly adapting receptors

82
Q

irritant receptors responds to…

A

some irritant in the airway

83
Q

location: stretch receptors

A

trachea to bronchioles

84
Q

stretch receptors send signals via the …

A

vagus nerve

85
Q

Hering–Breuer reflex

A

reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lungs

86
Q

stretch receptors activate the ____ reflex

A

Hering-Breuer

87
Q

How does the stretch receptors activate the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations –> send signal to medulla –> inhibits inspiration signals

88
Q

the Hering-Breuer reflex is more common in…

A

animals

89
Q

main function of stretch receptors in humans

A

1) control breathing pattern (TV & rate)

2) dyspnoea

90
Q

define: dyspnoea

A
  • breathing discomfort
  • difference between what the control system wants and what is actually achieved
  • chemoreceptor signals wanted
  • stretch receptor signals achieved
91
Q

location: irritant receptors

A

throughout the airway

92
Q

irritant receptors trigger…

A
  • breathing & bronchioconstriction

- several reflexes

93
Q

what are the reflexes initiated by irritant receptors?

A
  • sneeze
  • aspiration
  • cough
  • sighs
94
Q

which receptor causes the sneeze reflex?

A

nasal

95
Q

which receptor causes the aspiration reflex?

A

epipharyngeal

96
Q

which receptor causes the cough reflex?

A
  • laryngeal

- tracheal

97
Q

which receptor causes the sigh reflex?

A
  • juxtapulmonary capillary (J-receptors)
98
Q

which nerve sends the sneeze signal to the medulla?

A

trigeminal nerve

99
Q

which nerve sends the aspiration signal to the medulla?

A

glossopharyngeal

100
Q

which nerve sends the cough signal to the medulla?

A

vagus

101
Q

which nerve sends the sigh signal to the medulla?

A

vagus

102
Q

What causes congenital central hypoventilation syndrome?

A

PHOXb2 gene: codes for TF that doesn’t work as well as normal one

103
Q

what is found in mutant genotype for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

A

increased number of Ala

104
Q

Function of Phoxb2

A

needed for development of autonomic neurons

105
Q

people with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome have problems with…

A
  • breathing when sleeping

- ANS

106
Q

What happens in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome?

A
  • alveolar hypoventilation during sleep & wake
  • bad respiratory control
  • less / no response to hypercabia & hypoxemia
  • ANS dysregulation
107
Q

Where is PHOX2B gene expressed?

A
  • pFRG parafacial respiratory group (pFRG)

- retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)

108
Q

In addition for the site of PHOX2B action, pFRG and RTN are the site of…

A
  • have central chemoreceptors

- receives info from peripheral chemoreceptors

109
Q

what is used as a treatment for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome?

A

Phrenic nerve pacemaker

110
Q

what does the phrenic nerve pacemaker do?

A

stimulate phrenic nerve to bypass all the happenings in the brain

signal causes diaphragm to contract

PSL301 (29 decks)

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