Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSL301 > Digestion 1: Function & Structure > Flashcards

Digestion 1: Function & Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

1) supply: water, electrolytes, nutrients to the body
2) motility: move materials from 1 part to another, remove waste
3) absorption
4) defense: prevent infection & autodigestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

majority of the lymphoid tissues is found…

A

scattered throughout the Gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

we have ___ and ____ at the back of the throat for defense

A

tonsils;

lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structures make up the digestive system?

A

1) tubular GI tract: esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines
2) accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Purpose of the mouth

A

receptacle for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens in the mouth?

A
  • tongue: taste & guide food to pharynx
  • teeth: mechanical digestion
  • salivary amylase & salivary lipase (minimal digestion)
  • forms bolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what secretes saliva?

A

salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does saliva contain?

A
  • antibacterial factors
  • mucus
  • salivary amylase & salivary lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pharynx is located…

A

at the back of the throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

purpose of pharynx

A

push food into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___ protects the larynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the swallowing reflex begins at…

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what feature of the pharynx makes swallowing very easy?

A

epithelial walls are closely adherent to the sides, making the lateral surface very flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of esophagus

A

moves food into stomach (peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which muscles are present in the esophagus?

A

beginning: striated muscles (voluntary)
end: smooth muscles (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sphincters of the esophagus

A

beginning: upper esophageal sphincter
end: lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sphincters of the esophagus control…

A

movement of materials through the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

esophagus passes through the ___. what are the implications?

A

thorax;

inhaling will suck food upwards -> this is prevented by the esophageal sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

functions of the stomach

A
  • temporarily stores ingested food
  • secretes enzymes for digestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • slowly empties chyme into small intestines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the entire GI tract has a layer of ____ and ___ muscle

A

circular;

longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stomach muscles

A
  • circular layer
  • longitudinal layer
  • oblique muscle layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

exit of chyme into the small intestines is controlled by…

A

pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the pyloric sphincter checks …. before allowing food to exit the stomach

A
  • pH
  • liquid content
  • size of particles
    …in chyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sections of the small intestines

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does food move forward in the small intestines?

A
  • peristalsis

- segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

main area of digestion and absorption?

A

small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

most of the enzymes secreted in the small intestines break down ____

A

macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

absorption of nutrients occurs passively // actively

A

passively, once the micromolecules are small enough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

amount of absorption depends on…

A

time that is spent in small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

digestion in the small intestines is aided by secretions of…

A
  • liver (via gall bladder) → bile salts

- pancreas → pancreatic enzymes, bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

liver is connected to gall bladder by…

A

common hepatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gall bladder secretes things into the small intestines by…

A

common bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

entrance of material from gall bladder & pancreas to small intestines is controlled through…

A

sphincter of oddi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

secretions of the pancreas & gall bladder is influenced by…

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

segments of the large intestines

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how is fecal matter moved in the large intestines?

A
  • segmentation

- mass movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens in the large intestines?

A
  • absorption of water & electrolytes

- storage of fecal material for expulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

entrance to the large intestine is controlled by…

A

illeocecal VALVE (not sphincter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the small intestine is large in ____, while the large intestine is large in ____

A

length;

diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how is excretion of poop controlled?

A

internal & external sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

muscles of the large intestine

A
  • circular layer
  • 1 strip of longitudinal muscle = taenia coli

All circular muscles gather along taenia coli, forming haustra (bulges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

bulges in the large intestine =

A

haustra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

layers of the GI tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

mucosa is made up of…

A
  • epithelial walls
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

lamida propria

A

thin layer of connective tissues that have fibroblas, myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

muscularis mucosae

A
  • waves the villi

- helps more mucus come out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

submucosa is made up of…

A
  • Thick, dense layer of connective tissue
  • Blood vessels
  • Embedded glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

muscularis externa is made up of…

A

longitudinal & circular muscles

- partial oblique muscle in stomach only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

serosa layer is made up of…

A

mesentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

2 components of the enteric nervous system

A
  • submucosal plexus

- myenteric plexus

52
Q

mesentary system

A

double membrane tissue that surrounds the GI tract and attaches it to the rear wall of abdominal cavity

53
Q

specialized cells of the mucosa

A
  • epithelial cells / transport cells (parietal, goblet, paneth cells)
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • exocrine cells (goblet cells, paneth cells)
54
Q

epithelial cells in the mucosa are responsible for…

A
  • secretion: acid, bicarb

- absorption: nutrients, water, vit

55
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

cells that secrete hormone in the GI tract

56
Q

exocrine cells of the mucosa are responsible for…

A

secreting enzymes, mucus, anti-microbials, etc.

57
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

58
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete anti-microbial compounds

59
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl

60
Q

where are paneth cells olcated?

A

at the bottom of the crypt

61
Q

what cell is responsible for immunity/defense in the GI?

A

paneth cells

62
Q

cells in the GI have a short // long lifespan?

A

short

63
Q

what is used to replace cells in the GI? Where are they located?

A

stem cells;

bottom of crypt → move to top of crypt as it differentiates

64
Q

ENS

A

enteric nervous system

65
Q

neurons in the ENS

A
  • sensory
  • interneuron
  • parasympathetic ganglia
  • sympathetic postganglionic fibres
66
Q

myenteric plexus

A

regulates motility

67
Q

myenteric plexus is also known as…

A

Auerbach’s plexus

68
Q

submucosal plexus is also known as…

A

Meissner’s plexus

69
Q

submucosal plexus

A

regulates secretion and absorption

70
Q

2 main networks of the ENS

A
  1. myenteric plexus

2. submucosal plexus

71
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

between the circular & the longitudinal layer

72
Q

where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

in the submucosa

73
Q

How is the activity of the digestive system regulated?

A

short (ENS) & long (CNS) reflexes

74
Q

receptors/sensors in the ENS

A
  • mechanoreceptors: stretching of stomach

- chemoreceptors: sense digestion products

75
Q

how does the stomach send information to the CNS (long reflex)?

A

vagus nerve

76
Q

response from long reflex

A
  • enhance secretion & motility

- change motility & secretion pattern

77
Q

response from short reflex

A
  • enhance secretion & motility

- change motility & secretion pattern

78
Q

2 ways the ENS/CNS can be stimulated

A
  1. presence of food

2. cephalic phase of digestion (thinking/smelling/seeing food)

79
Q

smelling food sends information to ___ receptors, which then sends info to ___

A

sensory;

the cephalic brain

80
Q

how does the cephalic brain send information to secretory cells of the stomach & small intestines?

A

via neurons of the myenteric & submucosal plexus

81
Q

release of insulin & glucagon is controlled by the short // long reflex?

A

long

82
Q

parasympathetic control is divided into…

A
  1. cranial division (vagus nerve)

2. sacral division (Pelvis nerve)

83
Q

PNS has what effect on digestion?

A

increase digestion

  • increased motility & secretion
  • relaxes sphincters
84
Q

cranial division of PNS connects to…

A
  1. esophagus
  2. stomach
  3. small intestines
85
Q

sacral division of PNS connects to…

A
  1. large intestines

2. rectum & anus

86
Q

Steps of PSN control, starting with preganglion neurons and ending with NT secretion

A
  1. pre-ganglion neurons synapse on ganglionic neurons in ENS

2. post-ganglionic fibres secrete ACh

87
Q

distribution of SNS control

A

evenly distributed throughout GI

88
Q

SNS post-ganglionic fibres release…

A

noradrenaline

89
Q

SNS generally has what effect on digestion?

A
  • inhibit gut movement
  • reduce secretions
  • cause sphincters to contract
90
Q

SNS pre-ganglionic fibres release…

A

ACh

91
Q

the SNS pre-ganglionic fibres connects to…

A

prevertibral ganglia

  • celiac
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
92
Q

what changes in the GI regulate activity?

A

Local factors → secretory & enteroendocrine cells

  • pH
  • physical / chemical stimuli

Hormones → secretion & motility patterns

Neural mechanisms (myenteric/submucosal plexus)

  • short reflex: input from stretch & chemoreceptors
  • long reflex: input from CNS
93
Q

first layer of control in the ENS is by…

A

local stimuli

94
Q

sweet taste receptors activate ___, which increase of ___ (this increases glucose uptake from intestinal lumen)

A

G-proteins;

incretins

95
Q

GIP

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

96
Q

GLP-1

A

glucagon-like peptide

97
Q

enterocytes

A

epithelial cells found in the GI tract

98
Q

2 peptides which stimulates the release of insulin

A

1) GIP

2) GLP-1

99
Q

Sweet taste receptor is…

A

dimer of T1R2 and T1R3

100
Q

sweet taste receptors can be found…

A
  • in the mouth

- on enteroendocrine cells in the stomach

101
Q

INCRETINS

A

general term for GI hormones that stimulate insulin release

102
Q

incretins are secreted by ___ cells

A

enteroendocrine

103
Q

Where does incretins act?

A

goes through circulatory system → pancrease

104
Q

local effect of incretin

A

influence local enterocytes:

  • more Na/glucose transporters
  • more glucose uptake
  • bring more glucose to enterocytes
105
Q

___ circulation = blood flow from heart to digestive system

A

splanchnic circulation

106
Q

what vessels bring blood to and from the digestive system?

A
  • hepatic artery / hepatic vein

- digestive tract arteries / hepatic portal vein

107
Q

SPLANCHNIC

A

general term for internal orgains

108
Q

PORTAL SYSTEM

A

circulatory system from 1 capillary bed to another

109
Q

all blood from the digestive tract passes through the ____ before entering the ____ → ____

A

liver;
hepatic vein;
inferior vena cava

110
Q

arteries leading to stomach

A

celiac artery (left & right gastric arteries)

111
Q

arteries leading to small intestines

A
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • hepatic artery (→liver)
  • small artery that goes to gall bladder
112
Q

arteries leading to large intestines

A

superior & inferior mesenteric arteries

113
Q

____ artery supplies blood to majority of the small & large intestines

A

superior mesenteric

114
Q

___ arteries supply blood to most of the digestive system (though not a main force)

A

inferior mesenteric

115
Q

capillaries in the villi is used for…

A
  • gas exchange
  • transport soluble nutrients
  • transport water & electrolytes
116
Q

what is used for fat absorption? where does it go?

A

central lacteal;

lymphatic system

117
Q

LACTEAL

A

projections of the lymph system

118
Q

function of hepatocytes

A
  • remove potentially harmful agents

- filters & processes the blood

119
Q

blood from the hepatic portain vein & hepatic artery pools in the ____ → _____ vein → drain into ______

A

sinusoid;
central;
hepatic vein

120
Q

SINUSOIDS

A

slight enlargement of capillaries

121
Q

bile exits hepatocytes through ___, which then drains into ___ and is stored in the gall bladder

A

bile canaliculi;

bile ductules

122
Q

functions of the liver

A
  • glucose & fat metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • hormone synthesis
  • urea production
  • detoxification
  • storage
123
Q

liver sends … via the hepatic vein

A

metabolites to peripheral tissues

  • glucose
  • plasma proteins (albumin, clotting factors, angiotensionogen)
  • urea
  • vit D, somatomedins
  • metabolites for excretion
124
Q

liver sends … via the bile duct

A

things secreted into duodenum

  • bile salts
  • bilirubin
  • water, ions
  • phospholipids
125
Q

…. enters the liver via hepatic portal vein

A

things absorbed from GI tract

  • bilirubin
  • nutrients
  • drugs
  • foreign substances
126
Q

… enters the liver via hepatic artery

A

metabolites & drugs from peripheral tissues

  • bilirubin
  • metabolites of hormones & drugs
  • nutrients

PSL301 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions