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PSL301 > PSL301: Cardio 1 > Flashcards

PSL301: Cardio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Transport
  2. Remove metabolic byproducts
  3. Maintain homeostasis by O and nutrient supply
  4. Regulate body temperature
  5. Humoral communication
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2
Q

Humoral communication

A

Transport of hormones to the correct location

Communication using hormones

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3
Q

Wastes move from __ to ___

A

cells

liver for processing

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4
Q

Immune cells, antibodies, clotting proteins move from __ to ___

A

blood (already there)

cells that need them

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5
Q

stored nutrients move from __ to ___

A

liver & adipose tissue

all cells

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6
Q

nutrients & water move from __ to ___

A

intestinal tract

all cells

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7
Q

The aorta splits into…

A

Ascending arteries

Abdominal aorta

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8
Q

Liver gets fresh blood from…

A

hepatic artery

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9
Q

Pelvis & legs gets fresh blood from…

A

descending arteries

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10
Q

Heart is composed mostly of…

A

myocardium

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane sac that is fluid filled
Connective tissue encasing for the heart
Holds the heart in place

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12
Q

The heart is held by…

A

pericardium

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13
Q

The bulk of the heart is made up of…

A

ventricles

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

List all the valves in the heart

A
  1. Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Pulmonary valve
  4. Aortic valve
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16
Q

Bicuspid valve separates…

A

Left atrium / left ventricle

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve separates…

A

Right atrium / right ventricle

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18
Q

Pulmonary valve separates…

A

Right ventricle / pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

Aortic valve separates…

A

Left ventricle / aorta

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20
Q

Bi- & tricuspid valves are…

A

atrioventricular valves

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21
Q

___ re-enforces AV valves

A

Chordae tendinae

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22
Q

Chordae tendinae are attached to…

A

muscular projections within the ventricles (papillary muscles)

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23
Q

How many “cups” does the semilunar vavles have?

A

3

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24
Q

Posterior of the heart is ___

Anterior is ___

A

Flat (face away from us)

Pointed (face towards us)

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25
Q

Function of AV valves

A

Closed during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow from ventricles -> aorta

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26
Q

Function of semilunar valves

A

Closed during ventricular relaxation to prevent backflow from arteries -> ventricles

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27
Q

Superior vena cava gets blood from…

A

Top half of the body

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28
Q

Inferior vena cava gets blood from…

A

Bottom half of the body

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29
Q

What supplies O and nutrients to the heart?

A
  1. Left coronary artery
  2. Left cardiac vein
  3. Right coronary artery
  4. Right cardiac vein
30
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Circulation of blood within the heart

31
Q

Pulmonary ciruclation

A

Flow of blood between the heart and lungs

32
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Flow of blood between the heart and cells of the body

33
Q

What flows into the inferior vena cava?

A

Ascending veins

34
Q

Fresh blood going into the arms comes from…

A

Ascending arteries

35
Q

Abdominal aorta transitions into…

A

Descending arteries

36
Q

Fresh blood going into the head comes from…

A

Ascending arteries

37
Q

Blood pressure is highest in the ___

A

aorta

38
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls, and why?

A

Left

Needed to generate greater force to pump blood to entire body (longer route)

39
Q

Blood pressure decreases as x-sectional area of the different vessels ____

A

increase

40
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted on walls of container by fluid inside container

41
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is proportional to…

A

Height of column??

42
Q

When fluid if flowing through a system, pressure falls as a function of…

A

distance??

43
Q

Driving pressure is created by the…

A

ventricles

44
Q

Driving pressure

A

Pressure that is used to move blood throughout the body

45
Q

Flow is proportional to…

A

Pressure gradient (change in pressure)

46
Q

Fluid only flows if there is a ____ pressure gradient

A

Positive (area of higher pressure -> area of lower pressure)

47
Q

Flow is inversely proportional to…

A

Resistance

48
Q

Resistance depends on…

A
  1. Length
  2. Viscosity
  3. Radius
49
Q

Difference between velocity and flow

A

Flow: volume/time
Velocity: rate of flow

50
Q

Formula: velocity

A

V = Q/A

51
Q

The ___ the vessel, the faster the velocity

A

Narrower

52
Q

Formula: flow

A

Flow = pressure gradient / resistance

53
Q

Formula: MAP

A

MAP = CO x peripheral resistance

54
Q

How are pressure differences generated?

A

Cardiac contraction

55
Q

Describe myocardial muscle cells

A
  • Branched
  • 1 nucleus
  • Attached head-to-foot-
  • Joined by intercalated disks
56
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Specialized junctions between myocardial muscle cells

57
Q

Myocyte contraction is dependent on…

A

Ca++

Actin-myosin ineraction

58
Q

Which gates are opened first by Ca++? Opened next?

A
  1. L-type Ca++ channel

2. RyR (on SR)

59
Q

How many molecules are involved in excitation-contraction sequence?

A

8

60
Q

Accumulation of Ca++ sparks lead to…

A

Transient Ca++ signal

61
Q

Ca++ ions bind to ___ to initiate muscle contraction

A

troponin

62
Q

Relaxation of muscle occurs when…

A

Ca++ unbinds from troponin

63
Q

How is Ca++ removed from myocyte when muscle is done contracting?

A
  1. Ca++ ATPase transport it back to SR

2. NCX pumps 1 Ca++ out and 3 Na+ in

64
Q

How is the Na+ pumped in by the NCX removed?

A

Na+K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in

65
Q

Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle

A
  1. CM is smaller, branches
  2. CM have 1 nucleus
  3. CM have intercalated disks
  4. CM contracts slower
  5. CM has graded contractions
  6. CM controlled by ANS; SM controlled by SNS
  7. CM is regulated by E, SM is not regulated by hormones
  8. T-tubules in CM are larger and branch more
  9. CM has smaller SR
66
Q

___ allow force to be transferred in CM

A

desmosomes

67
Q

____ allow electrical signals to be transferred in CM

A

gap junctions

68
Q

Mitochondria occupy ___ of cell vol in myocardium

A

1/2

69
Q

SA node

A

Indicates heartbeat

causes atria to contract

70
Q

AV node

A

conveys stimulus from SA node to ventricles

Initiates ventricle contraction

PSL301 (29 decks)

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