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PSL301 > PSL301: Cardio 1 > Flashcards

PSL301: Cardio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. Transport
  2. Remove metabolic byproducts
  3. Maintain homeostasis by O and nutrient supply
  4. Regulate body temperature
  5. Humoral communication
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2
Q

Humoral communication

A

Transport of hormones to the correct location

Communication using hormones

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3
Q

Wastes move from __ to ___

A

cells

liver for processing

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4
Q

Immune cells, antibodies, clotting proteins move from __ to ___

A

blood (already there)

cells that need them

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5
Q

stored nutrients move from __ to ___

A

liver & adipose tissue

all cells

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6
Q

nutrients & water move from __ to ___

A

intestinal tract

all cells

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7
Q

The aorta splits into…

A

Ascending arteries

Abdominal aorta

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8
Q

Liver gets fresh blood from…

A

hepatic artery

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9
Q

Pelvis & legs gets fresh blood from…

A

descending arteries

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10
Q

Heart is composed mostly of…

A

myocardium

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane sac that is fluid filled
Connective tissue encasing for the heart
Holds the heart in place

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12
Q

The heart is held by…

A

pericardium

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13
Q

The bulk of the heart is made up of…

A

ventricles

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

List all the valves in the heart

A
  1. Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Pulmonary valve
  4. Aortic valve
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16
Q

Bicuspid valve separates…

A

Left atrium / left ventricle

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve separates…

A

Right atrium / right ventricle

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18
Q

Pulmonary valve separates…

A

Right ventricle / pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

Aortic valve separates…

A

Left ventricle / aorta

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20
Q

Bi- & tricuspid valves are…

A

atrioventricular valves

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21
Q

___ re-enforces AV valves

A

Chordae tendinae

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22
Q

Chordae tendinae are attached to…

A

muscular projections within the ventricles (papillary muscles)

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23
Q

How many “cups” does the semilunar vavles have?

A

3

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24
Q

Posterior of the heart is ___

Anterior is ___

A

Flat (face away from us)

Pointed (face towards us)

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25
Function of AV valves
Closed during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow from ventricles -> aorta
26
Function of semilunar valves
Closed during ventricular relaxation to prevent backflow from arteries -> ventricles
27
Superior vena cava gets blood from...
Top half of the body
28
Inferior vena cava gets blood from...
Bottom half of the body
29
What supplies O and nutrients to the heart?
1. Left coronary artery 2. Left cardiac vein 3. Right coronary artery 4. Right cardiac vein
30
Coronary circulation
Circulation of blood within the heart
31
Pulmonary ciruclation
Flow of blood between the heart and lungs
32
Systemic circulation
Flow of blood between the heart and cells of the body
33
What flows into the inferior vena cava?
Ascending veins
34
Fresh blood going into the arms comes from...
Ascending arteries
35
Abdominal aorta transitions into...
Descending arteries
36
Fresh blood going into the head comes from...
Ascending arteries
37
Blood pressure is highest in the ___
aorta
38
Which ventricle has thicker walls, and why?
Left | Needed to generate greater force to pump blood to entire body (longer route)
39
Blood pressure decreases as x-sectional area of the different vessels ____
increase
40
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted on walls of container by fluid inside container
41
Hydrostatic pressure is proportional to...
Height of column??
42
When fluid if flowing through a system, pressure falls as a function of...
distance??
43
Driving pressure is created by the...
ventricles
44
Driving pressure
Pressure that is used to move blood throughout the body
45
Flow is proportional to...
Pressure gradient (change in pressure)
46
Fluid only flows if there is a ____ pressure gradient
Positive (area of higher pressure -> area of lower pressure)
47
Flow is inversely proportional to...
Resistance
48
Resistance depends on...
1. Length 3. Viscosity 3. Radius
49
Difference between velocity and flow
Flow: volume/time Velocity: rate of flow
50
Formula: velocity
V = Q/A
51
The ___ the vessel, the faster the velocity
Narrower
52
Formula: flow
Flow = pressure gradient / resistance
53
Formula: MAP
MAP = CO x peripheral resistance
54
How are pressure differences generated?
Cardiac contraction
55
Describe myocardial muscle cells
- Branched - 1 nucleus - Attached head-to-foot- - Joined by intercalated disks
56
Intercalated disks
Specialized junctions between myocardial muscle cells
57
Myocyte contraction is dependent on...
Ca++ | Actin-myosin ineraction
58
Which gates are opened first by Ca++? Opened next?
1. L-type Ca++ channel | 2. RyR (on SR)
59
How many molecules are involved in excitation-contraction sequence?
8
60
Accumulation of Ca++ sparks lead to...
Transient Ca++ signal
61
Ca++ ions bind to ___ to initiate muscle contraction
troponin
62
Relaxation of muscle occurs when...
Ca++ unbinds from troponin
63
How is Ca++ removed from myocyte when muscle is done contracting?
1. Ca++ ATPase transport it back to SR | 2. NCX pumps 1 Ca++ out and 3 Na+ in
64
How is the Na+ pumped in by the NCX removed?
Na+K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in
65
Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle
1. CM is smaller, branches 2. CM have 1 nucleus 3. CM have intercalated disks 4. CM contracts slower 5. CM has graded contractions 6. CM controlled by ANS; SM controlled by SNS 7. CM is regulated by E, SM is not regulated by hormones 8. T-tubules in CM are larger and branch more 9. CM has smaller SR
66
___ allow force to be transferred in CM
desmosomes
67
____ allow electrical signals to be transferred in CM
gap junctions
68
Mitochondria occupy ___ of cell vol in myocardium
1/2
69
SA node
Indicates heartbeat | causes atria to contract
70
AV node
conveys stimulus from SA node to ventricles | Initiates ventricle contraction

PSL301 (29 decks)

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