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PSL301 > PSL301: Cardio 3 > Flashcards

PSL301: Cardio 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart is stimulated by the…

A

sympathetic cardioacceletatory center

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2
Q

Heart is inhibited by the…

A

parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center

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3
Q

Where is the sympathetic cardioacceletatory center located?

A

Medulla oblongata

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4
Q

Where is the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center located?

A

Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

How does the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center connect to the heart?

A

Interneuron to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus -> Vagus nerve -> heart

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6
Q

How does the sympathetic cardioacceletatory center connect to the heart?

A

Interneuron to tharacic spinal cord (sympathetic trunk) -> PS fibres to sympathetic trunk ganglion -> interneurons to heart

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7
Q

Which neuron activates the PSm pathway?

A

ACh binding to muscarinic receptors on autorhythmic cells

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8
Q

Which neuron activates the Sm pathway?

A

NE binding to B1-receptors on autorhythmic cells

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9
Q

Autonomic NTs alter…

A

heart rate

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10
Q

Catecholamines modulate…

A

cardiac contraction

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11
Q

Phospholamban

A

Integral membrane protein that regulates the Ca2+ pump in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle cells

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12
Q

The cAMP system activated by NE/E {P}…

A
  1. Voltage gated Ca channels

2. Phospholamban

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13
Q

What does the {P} of phospholamban result in?

A

Stimulate Ca-ATPase on SR

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14
Q

What does the {P} of voltage gated Ca channels result in?

A

More Ca from ECF can come into the cell

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15
Q

How do catecholamines affect cardiac contraction?

A
  1. Increase Ca stores in SR
    - > more Ca released
    - > more forceful contraction
  2. Faster removal of Ca from cytosl
    - > shorter duration of contraction
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16
Q

Increase of Ca from ECF will result in…

A
  1. More Ca in SR

2. More Ca released when it’s time to contract

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17
Q

What does ECG measure?

A

Summed electrical activity of all cells

Recorded from surface of body

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18
Q

The ____ Triangle places electrodes on the right arm, left arm, left leg.

A

Einthoven’s

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19
Q

What is the purpose of Einthoven’s Triangle?

A

Places the heart in the middle

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20
Q

Einthoven’s law

A

Lead II - Lead I = Lead III

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21
Q

What does a lead consist of?

A

2 electrodes: 1 + and 1 -

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22
Q

The waves of the ECG

A

P QRS T

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23
Q

How many beats can be seen in 1 second?

A

Almost 2 full waves / beats

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24
Q

P wave = activity at…

A

Atria

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25
Q

QRS = activity at…

A

ventricle

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26
Q

T = …

A

ventricle diastole signal

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27
Q

When does atria systole happen on the ECG?

A

Somewhere during the QRS

28
Q

What intervals is the ECG divided into?

A

PR interval (beginning of P -> beginning of Q)

QT interval (beginning of Q -> end of T)

29
Q

PR segment

A

End of P -> beginning of Q

30
Q

QRS complex

A

Beginning of Q -> end of S

31
Q

ST segment

A

End of S -> beginning of T

32
Q

Major difference between ECG & myocardial contractile cell AP

A

Since myocardial contractile cell AP is measured from a single cell, the voltage change is much greater than the ECG (110 mV vs. 1 mV)

33
Q

Mechanical pumping events of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
34
Q

What lasts longer, systole / diastole?

A

Diastole

35
Q

What is the standard diagram used to combine ECG, pressure, heart sounds, and left ventricular volume?

A

Wiggers diagram

36
Q

What does Wiggers’ diagram comprise of?

A
  • ECG graph
  • Pressure (atria, ventricles, aorta)
  • Heart sounds
  • Left ventricular volume
37
Q

ventricular diastole occurs at where on the ECG graph?

A

after T wave

38
Q

Atrial systole occurs at where on the ECG graph?

A

Middle of P -> Q

39
Q

Ventricular systole occurs where on the ECG graph?

A

Q -> end of T

40
Q

When is volume highest in left ventricle? What is this called?

A

After arterial systole

End Diastole Volume (EDV)

41
Q

When is volume lowest in left ventricle? What is this called?

A

After ventricular systole

End Systole Volume (ESV)

42
Q

Max volume of ventricle

A

135 mL

43
Q

On average, how much blood does ventricle pump per beat?

A

70 mL

44
Q

Pressure changes in the atria are mostly due to…

A

Activity in the ventricle

45
Q

What is the increase in pressure during ventricular systole?

A

110 mmHg

46
Q

Dicrotic notch

A

Slight increase in pressure in the aorta when aortic valves close

47
Q

What causes atrial pressure to drop?

A

Opening of AV valves

48
Q

Questions to ask when analysing ECG

A
  1. HR normal (60-100 bpm)?
  2. Regular rhythm?
  3. All waves normal and present (PQRST)?
  4. P followed by QRS?
  5. PR segment at constant length?
49
Q

What does the ECG look like for 3rd degree block?

A
  • normal P
  • S dips lower than usual
  • P doesn’t always trigger QRS
50
Q

What does the ECG look like for atrial fibrillation?

A
  • no P

- irregular QRS

51
Q

What does the ECG look like for ventricular fibrillation look like?

A
  • no P

- no QRS

52
Q

What does the ECG look like for 2nd degree heart block look like?

A
  • normal P
  • normal QRS
  • P doesn’t always trigger QRS
53
Q

Where does the problem lie when someone has 2nd degree heart block?

A

AV node (not every signal goes through)

54
Q

Heart block

A

Impulse generated in SA node does not generate response in ventricles
Ventricles follow a slower pacemaker

55
Q

When is defibrillation used?

A

ventricular fibrillation

56
Q

Purpose of defibrillator?

A

Reset all electrical activity in the heart so SA node can take the lead properly

57
Q

How to treat heart block?

A

Artificial pacemaker

58
Q

Components of ECG

A
  1. Waves
  2. Segments
  3. Intervals
59
Q

Information from ECG

A
  1. HR
  2. Heart rhythm
  3. Conduction velocity
  4. Condition of myocardium
60
Q

Heart rate too fast

A

Tachycardia

61
Q

Heart rate too slow

A

Bradycardia

62
Q

Tachycardia

A

heart rate too fast

63
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate too slow

64
Q

What acts as the pacemaker for the ventricles during 3rd degree heart block?

A

Purkinje fibres

65
Q

What is unusual QRS activity typically caused by?

A

When repairing damage to the heart, it is hard to get it back to normal. Bad repair job.

66
Q

What is atrial fibrillation usually caused by?

A
  • problems with SA node
  • problems with atria
  • AV node

PSL301 (29 decks)

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