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Protozoa VI: Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life cycle for Sarcocystis spp.?

A

Indirect life cycle

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2
Q

Describe the generalized life cycle for the Sarcocystis spp. definitive host

A

PPP: 7-14 days
No merogony
Gametogony

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3
Q

Describe the generalized life cycle for the Sarcocystis spp. intermediate host

A

Merogony

No gametogony

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4
Q

What are definitive hosts for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Dogs, wolves, coyotes, racoons, foxes, hyena

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5
Q

What are intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Cattle, ox, bison

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6
Q

What are the infective stages to the definitive host for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Sarcocyst (with bradyzoites)

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7
Q

What are the infective stages to the intermediate host for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Oocyst/sporocysts

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8
Q

What is the route of infection for the definitive host of Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Ingesition of tissue cyst (sarcocyst) containing bradyzoites

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9
Q

What is the route of infection for the intermediate host of Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Ingestion of oocysts/sporocysts in environment

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10
Q

What is the site of infection in the definitive host for Sarcocysti cruzi?

A

Intestinal tract

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11
Q

What is the site of infection in the intermediate host for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Extraintestinal (heart, skeletal muscle, tongue, esophagus, diaphragm)

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12
Q

What is the pathology/clinical signs for Sarcocystis cruzi in the definitive host?

A

Asymptomatic

No immunity

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13
Q

What is the pathology/clinical signs for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Acute
Anorexia, pyrexia, anemia, weight loss
Abortion in final trimester

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14
Q

What are methods of diagnosis of Sarcocystic cruzi in the intermediate host?

A

Clinical signs
Presence of sarcocyst on histology
Antibody detection

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15
Q

What are methods of diagnosis of Sarcocystic cruzi in the definitive host?

A

Sporocysts/oocysts on fecal flotation
Usually free sporocysts
Oocysts is approximately double the sporocyst size

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16
Q

What is the treatment of Sarcocystis cruzi in the intermediate host?

A

Prophylactic: amprolium, salinomycin, deccox, monensis, stenoral

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17
Q

What are the control measures for Sarcocystis cruzi?

A

Predator/prey control
Avoid fecal contamination of bedding/food/water by carnivores
Avoid feeding dogs uncooked meat/offal
Bury or incinerate dead livestock

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18
Q

What is the definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona?

A

Opossums

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19
Q

What are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis nerona?

A

Armadillo, raccoon, cat, skunk

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20
Q

What is the accidental host of Sarcocystis neurona?

A

Horse

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21
Q

What is Sarcocystis neurona an agent of?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

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22
Q

What are the infective stages for Sarcocystis neurona in the definitive host?

A

Sarcocyst (with bradyzoites) in an intermediate host, sporocyst

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23
Q

What are the infective stages for Sarcocystis neurona in the intermediate host?

A

Sporocyst, oocyst

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24
Q

What are the infective stages for Sarcocystis neurona in the accidental host?

A

Sporocyst, oocyst

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25
Q

What is the site of infection for Sarcocystis neurona in the direct host?

A

Intestinal tract

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26
Q

What are the sites of infection for Sarcocystis neurona in the intermediate host?

A

Skeletal muscle, tongue

27
Q

What is the site of infection for Sarcocystis neurona in the accidental host?

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sarcocystis neurona?

A

DH: none
IH: asymptomatic
AH: neurological problems

29
Q

What are the methods of diagnosis for Sarcocystis neurona?

A

DH: oocyst/sporocysts on fecal flotation
IH: sarcocyst on histology, IFA, PCR

30
Q

What is the method of diagnosing EPM?

A

Complete neurological exam

Equinr CSF/blood tests

31
Q

What is the pathology of EPM?

A

Gross lesions confined to neural tissue

32
Q

What are the FDA approved treatments of Sarcocystis neurona/EPM?

A

Ponazuril (Marquis)
Diclazuril (Protazil)
Combo sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine (ReBalance)

33
Q

What are the methods of control for Sarcocystis neurona/EPM?

A

Protect feed/water sources from oppossum

Reduce road-kill around farm

34
Q

What are other hosts of Sarcocystis spp.?

A

Ruminants

Wildlife: waterfowl- S. rileyi

35
Q

What is the site of Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

Primarily gastrointestinal

Upper respiratory tract; bursa/proventriculus

36
Q

What species is Crypotsporidium parvum associated with?

A

Ruminants (cattle)

37
Q

What species is Cryptosporidium andersoni associated with?

38
Q

What species is Cryptosporidium bovis associated with?

39
Q

What species is Cryptosporidium canis associated with?

40
Q

What species is Cryptosporidium felis associated with?

41
Q

What is the Cryptosporidium life cycle?

A

Direct life cycle

42
Q

What is the infective stage of Cryptosporidium?

A

Sporulated oocyst

43
Q

Where do Crypotsporidium oocysts sporulate?

A

Within the host

44
Q

What are the routes of infection for Cryptosporidium?

A

Fecal-oral, autoinfection

45
Q

What is the PPP for Cryptosporidium?

A

1 week or less

46
Q

What is Cryptosporidium parvum the common cause of?

A

Intestinal disease in neonatal ruminants

47
Q

What is the site of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum?

48
Q

What is the PPP of Cryptosporidium parvum?

49
Q

What is the patent period of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

1-2 weeks; self-limiting

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Diarrhea
Depression
Anorexia

51
Q

What is the pathology of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A 
Loss of epithelial cells
Villus atrophy
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Impaired nutrient digestion, absorption
52
Q

Describe Cyrptosporidium andersoni in mature cattle

A

No clinical disease
Chronic subclinical infections
Site of infection: abomasum

53
Q

Describe the abomasal pathology with Cryptosporidium andersoni

A

Dilation of peptic/pyloric glands
Hypertrophy of gastric mucosa
Thinning of epithelium
Impaired protein digestion: increased gastric pH, decreased proteolysis

54
Q

Describe Cryptosporidium bovis

A

Newly proposed species
Common in older calves
No clinical disease- not considered pathogenic

55
Q

Describe Cryptosporidium canis

A 
Usually in puppies
Asymptomatic shedding in older dogs
Rarely associated with disease
Low prevalence
Diarrhea, weight loss
56
Q

Describe Cryptosporidium felis

A

Rarely associated with disease

Diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss

57
Q

What are methods of diagnosis for Cryptosporidium?

A 
Oocyst detection:
Sugar flotation
Modified acid fast
Fluorescent antibody tests
PCR
58
Q

Describe Cryptosporidium oocyst morphology

A

4-6 μm
No sporocys
4 sporozoites, free in oocyst
Sporulates in host

59
Q

What are methods of treatment for Cryptosporidium?

A

No efficacious treatments
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Self-limiting in immune incompetent host

60
Q

What are the methods of control for Cryptosporidium?

A

Management strategies to break life cycle

Clean up environment

61
Q

What are the 3 forms of Cryptosporidium in avian hosts?

A

Intestinal
Respiratory
Renal

62
Q

Describe intestinal Cryptosporidium signs

A 
Enteritis
non-bloody diarrhea
Distended SI
Mucoid intestinal contents
Villous atrophy/hypertrophy
Lesions in proventriculus
63
Q

Describe respiratory Cryptosporidium signs

A

Rails coughing
Sneezing
Dyspnea
Swollen head syndrome

64
Q

Describe renal Cryptosporidium signs

A

Kidneys pale

Enlarged, fibrotic areas

Parasitology (27 decks)

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