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Nematodes III: Ruminant Strongyles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general strongyle life cycle?

A

Eggs hatch (diagnostic stage) and L1 emerges in the envrionment
L1 goes through the 1st molt to become L2
L2 goes through the second molt to become L3, which is the parasitic stage
L3 migrates in the host and goes through the 3rd molt to become L4
L4 goes through the 4th molt and becomes adults
Adults copulate to produce eggs

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2
Q

What is periparturient rise?

A

Relaxation of immunity due to increases in prolactin

Rise in neamtode egg counts in the feces of lactating ewes or does at weaning

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3
Q

Describe Trichoctrongyles

A 
Common
High significance
Primarily ruminants
Few species in horses and swine
Causes parasitic gastroenteritis
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4
Q

Describe parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) diseases

A

Clinical disease in not as important as economic

Subclinical disease causes dramatic production losses

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5
Q

What causes arrested larval development (ALD) hypobiosis?

A

Larval development stops at a specific stage

They undergo no further growth and slow metabolic rate

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6
Q

What are the influencing factors of ALD?

A

Seasons
Climate
Host immune responses
Overcrowding effects in parasite population

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7
Q

How can you diagnose PGE?

A

History: grazing, parasites present, seasonal occurrence, management
Clinical signs: pathology, fecal egg counts

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8
Q

What is the treatment and control of PGE?

A 
Consider the epidemiology of the parasites being targeted
---Biology of parasite populations
---Climate
---Pasture and animal management
Properties of the drug being used
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9
Q

What is a huge problem in small ruminant strongyles?

A

Anthelmintic resistance

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10
Q

How can you detect anthelmintic resistance?

A

Fecal egg count reduction test

Larval develpment assays

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11
Q

What is refuge?

A

Susceptible parasite gene pool not exposed to a particular control measure (escapes selection for resistance)

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12
Q

What are methods of integrated pest management?

A 
Fecal egg count
Pasture rest/rotation
Multi-species grazing
Increase grazing height
Reducing stocking rates
Resistance breed selection
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13
Q

What is FAMACHA test?

A

Anemia guide that monitors fecal egg counts in small ruminants, especially Haemonchus contortus

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14
Q

What is the host of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A

Cattle

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15
Q

What is the site of Ostertagia ostertagi adults?

A

Abomasum

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16
Q

Describe Ostertagia Ostertagi L3

A

Burrow into gastric glands in pyloric and fundic regions
Molt 2 more times
Emerges as immature adults

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17
Q

What is the life cycle of Ostertagia ostertagi?

A 
Eggs in feces (diagnostic stage)
L1 --> L2 --> L3 (infective stage)
L3 burrow gastric glands in pyloric/fundic regions
L4 ALD abomasal glands
Emerge as immature adults
Adults; no feeding
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18
Q

What is Ostertagia ostertagi pathology?

A

PPP: 18-21 days

Can arrest as early L4 stage in abomasal glands

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19
Q

What is type I ostertagiosis?

A

Occurs when recently ingested L3 develop to adulthood without ALD

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20
Q

What does type I ostertagiosis affect?

A

Young cattle grazing pastures for the first time

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21
Q

What is type II ostertagiosis?

A

Occurs when arrested larvae synchronously resume development; synchronous emergence from glands weeks or months after infective L3 are ingested

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22
Q

What does type II ostertagiosis affect?

A

Animals 2-4 years of age

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of ostertagiosis?

A

Diarrhea
Weight loss/emaciation
Dehydration/thirst
Hypoproteinemia/submandular edema

24
Q

What is the host of Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta?

A

Sheep and goats

25
Q

What is the site of Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta adults?

26
Q

What does Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta contribute to?

27
Q

What is the host of Haemonchus placei?

28
Q

What is the site of Haemonchus placei adults?

29
Q

What is the PPP of Haemonchus placei?

A

23-32 days

30
Q

What is the host of Haemonchus contortus?

A

Sheep and goats

31
Q

What is the site of Haemonchus contortus adults?

32
Q

What is the PPP of Haemonchus contortus?

A

18-21 days

33
Q

How do Haemonchus spp feed?

A

They are blood feeders

34
Q

Describe L3 of Haemonchus spp

A 
Not resistant to cold
Exsheath in rumen
Move to abomasum near glands
Molt 2 more times
Emerge as immature adults
Blood feeders
35
Q

What are clinical signs of Haemonchosis?

A

Hyperacute, acute, and chronic anemia, skin pallor, and pale mucous membranes
Hypoporteinemia and edema
Dark feces
Death

36
Q

What is the host of Trichostrongylus axei?

A

Ruminants/horses

37
Q

What is the site of Trichostrongylus axei adults?

A

Abomasum/stomach

38
Q

What is the PPP of Trichostrongylus axei?

A

14-21 days

39
Q

What is the host of Trichostrongylus colubriformis?

40
Q

What is the site of Trichostrongylus colubriformis adults?

A

Small intestine

41
Q

What is the PPP of Trichostrongylus colubriformis?

A

18-20 days

42
Q

What is the host of Cooperia spp?

A

Cattle/sheep

43
Q

What is the site of Cooperia spp. adults?

A

Small intestine

44
Q

What is the PPP of Cooperia spp.?

A

13-19 days

45
Q

What is the host of Oesophagostomum radiatum?

46
Q

What is the site of Oesophagostomum radiatum adults?

A

Large intestine

47
Q

What is the PPP Oesophagostomum radiatum?

A

28-41 days

48
Q

What are the signs/pathology of Oesophagostomum?

A

Hemorrhagic or purulent noodles
Mucus
Leakage of blood and plasma proteins
Contribute to PGE

49
Q

How can you diagnose ruminant strongyles?

A

Culture and identify L3
Identify adults at necropsy
Strongyle type eggs
Fecal flotation

50
Q

What is the host of Nematodirus helvetianus?

51
Q

What is the site of Nematodirus helvetianus adults?

A

Small intestine

52
Q

What is the PPP of Nematodirus helvetianus?

A

14-21 days

53
Q

What is the host of Nematodirus battus?

54
Q

What is the site of Nematodirus battus adults?

A

Small intestine

55
Q

What is the PPP of Nematodirus battus?

56
Q

Describe the Nematodirus pasture larvae

A

Resistant to drying/freezing

57
Q

How do you diagnose Nematodirus?

A

Fecal flotation
Eggs are larger than typical strongyle-type
Ovoid to football shaped

Parasitology (27 decks)

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