Nematodes V: Hookworms

Question 1

What is the pathogenicity of Bunosomum phlebotomum?

Answer 1

Highly pathogenic

Question 2

What is the entry site of Bunosomum phlebotomum?

Answer 2

Skin and intestines

Question 3

What does Bunosomum phlebotomum cause at the skin entry site?

Answer 3

Irritation and pruritus
Swelling, scabs
Penetration of larvae may cause cattle to stamp their feed, lick their legs

Question 4

What does Bunosomum phlebotomum cause at the intesintal entry site?

Answer 4

Villi loss
Inflammation
Hemorrhagic lesions

Question 5

Does Bunosomum phlebotomum have heavy infections with adults or calves?

Answer 5

Adults

Question 6

What is the DH of Bunosomum phlebotomum?

Answer 6

Wild and domestic ruminants

Question 7

What is the site of Bunosomum phlebotomum adults?

Answer 7

Small intestines (duodenum)

Question 8

What is the distribution of Bunosomum phlebotomum?

Answer 8

Worldwide (temperate regions)

US: South and Midwest

Question 9

What are clinical signs of Bunostomum phlebotomum?

Answer 9

Anemia
Diarrhea
Submandiular edema
Emaciation
Weakness
Death is possible

Question 10

How can you diagnose Bunostomum phlebotomum eggs?

Answer 10

Fecal flotation
Shell a little thicker, dirty looking
Fewer cells (4-8)

Question 11

How can you diagnose Bunostomum phlebotomum adults?

Answer 11

Robust worms
Chitinous cutting plates
Large buccal cavity

Question 12

What is the DH of Bunostomum trifonocephalum?

Answer 12

Sheep
Goats
Alpacas
Llamas

Question 13

What is the site of Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

Answer 13

Small intestines (jejunum, ileum)

Question 14

What are the signs of Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

Answer 14

Irritation at entry site
Progressive anemia
Diarrhea
Edema
Death possible

Question 15

What is the method of diagnosing Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

Answer 15

Fecal flotation for eggs

Question 16

What is the treatment of Bunostomum?

Answer 16

Various anthelmintics

Question 17

What is the host of Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 17

Canine

Question 18

What is the host of Ancylostoma tubaeforme?

Answer 18

Feline

Question 19

What is the host of Ancylostoma brazuliense?

Answer 19

Canine and feline

Question 20

What is the host of Unconaria stenocephala?

Answer 20

Canine and feline (more common in colder climates in US)

Question 21

What do hookworms look like in general?

Answer 21

Curved on anterior end

Males have a copulatory bursa

Question 22

What makes Ancylostoma caninum and A. tubaeforme unique?

Answer 22

3 pairs of teeth

Question 23

What makes Ancylostoma braziliense unique?

Answer 23

1 pair of teeth

Question 24

What makes Unicinaria stenocephala unique?

Answer 24

Cutting plates

Question 25

What are the paratenic hosts of Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 25

Vertebrates (rodents) | Cockroaches

Question 26

What is the site of Ancylostoma adults?

Answer 26

Small intestine

Question 27

What is the distribution on Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 27

Tropical/subtropical Does not tolerate freezing well Larvae like well-drained soil, shade, warmth, humidity North America

Question 28

What are 4 potential routes of Ancylostoma caninum infection?

Answer 28

1. L3 penetrate skin 2. DH ingests L3; enter SI crypts 3. PH ingests L3: L3 arrest-reactivated; Enter SI crypts; DH ingests PH 4. Pregnant bitch ingests L3: L3 --> lungs --> somatic tissue; arrests-reactivated; Mammary glands; nursing pup ingests L3; L3 enter Si crypts in pup

Question 29

Describe peracute Ancylostoma caninum disease

Answer 29

``` Puppies Pale membranes, dark feces Possible rapid decline in health at 2 weeks Zero eggs per gram (EPG) Coma; death ```

Question 30

Describe acute Ancylostoma caninum disease

Answer 30

Older pup, mature Severe anemia May still have zero EPG

Question 31

Describe chronic Ancylostoma caninum disease

Answer 31

Asymptomatic or slightly anemic Eggs in feces Immunocompetent host

Question 32

Describe secondary Ancylostoma caninum disease

Answer 32

Older animal Profound anemia Immunocompromised Secondary to other disease

Question 33

What is the site of Ancylostoma braziliense?

Answer 33

Small intestine

Question 34

What is the distribution of Ancylostoma braziliense?

Answer 34

Tropical/subtropical

Question 35

What is the site of Ancylostoma tubaeforme?

Answer 35

Small intestines

Question 36

What is the distribution of Ancylosotoma tubaeforme?

Answer 36

Worldwide, but increased prevalence in warmer climates

Question 37

What is the most important transmission route of Ancylostoma spp.? What is the PPP?

Answer 37

Transmammary | 14 days

Question 38

What is the pathology associated with Ancylostoma larvae?

Answer 38

Dermatitis | Pneumonia

Question 39

What is the pathology associated with Ancylostoma adults?

Answer 39

Anemia Enteritis Edema

Question 40

What is the most pathogenic of thee Ancylostoma spp?

Answer 40

A. caninum

Question 41

What is the number of hookworms able to mature in SI influenced by?

Answer 41

Age Acquired immunity Premunition

Question 42

When can immunity to Ancylostoma infection develop?

Answer 42

Mature dogs may harbor small numbers of worms and contaminate the environment. If well-nourished and immunocompetent, they will show few clinical signs

Question 43

What is the paratenic host of Uncinaria stenocephala?

Answer 43

Rodents

Question 44

What is the site of Uncinaria stenocephala?

Answer 44

Small intestine

Question 45

What climate is Uncinaria stenocephala found in?

Answer 45

Cooler

Question 46

Describe Uncinaria stenocephala larvae?

Answer 46

Resistant to freezing | Can survive several days of freezing temperatures

Question 47

What are 3 potential routes of Uncinaria stenocephala infection?

Answer 47

1. Uncommon: L3 penetrates skin; circulatory system to heart/lungs; cough/swallow 2. DH ingests L3; enter SI crypts 3. PH ingests L3 NO TRANSMAMMARY

Question 48

What is the least pathogenic hookworm in dogs?

Answer 48

Uncinaria stenocephala

Question 49

How much blood do Uncinaria stenocephala adults ingest?

Answer 49

About 1-2% of blood volume that A. caninum ingests

Question 50

How do you diagnose Uncinaria stenocephala eggs?

Answer 50

Flotation | Look similar to Ancylostoma, which are usually smaller than Uncinaria

Question 51

How do diagnose Unicinaria stenocephala adults?

Answer 51

Chitinous plates (no teeth)

Question 52

What is the species with the highest prevalence in cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) in humans?

Answer 52

Ancylostoma braziliense