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Parasitology > Nematodes I: Filarids > Flashcards

Nematodes I: Filarids Flashcards

1
Q

What order are filarids in?

A

Spirurida

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2
Q

What kind of life cycle do spirurids have?

A

Indirect life cycles

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3
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of filarids?

A

Blood sucking arthropods

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4
Q

Describe the vermiform embryo of filarids

A

Contains only-cell clusters as primordia
Pre-L1 stages
Ingested by IH
L1 to L2 to L3 in IH

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5
Q

When do filarids have clearly recognizable organs?

A

L1

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6
Q

What is microfilariae an example of?

A

Vermiform embryo

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7
Q

What is the definitive host of Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Equids

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8
Q

What is the intermediate host of Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Culicodes spp

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9
Q

What is the Onchocerca cervicalis life cycle?

A

L3 infects DH with next blood meal of IH
L3, L4, and adults are in the nuchal ligament
Microfilariae in subdermal connective tissue

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10
Q

Where are Onchocerca cervicalis microfilaria?

A

Widely distributed in dermis
Other subdermal connective tissues
Ocular conjunctivae

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11
Q

Where are Onchocerca cervicalis larvae?

A

Nuchal ligament

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12
Q

Where are the Onchocerca cervicalis adults?

A

Often unnoticed

Woven into the deep connective tissue in the nuchal ligament

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13
Q

What is onchocercal dermatitis cause by?

A

Antigen release from dying microfilaria

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14
Q

How do you diagnose Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Skin biopsy

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15
Q

What is the differential for Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

Hypersensitivity to biting flies

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16
Q

What is the definitive host of Onchocerca lupi?

A

Dogs and cats

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17
Q

What is Onchocerca lupi the causative agent of?

A

Canine onchocercosis

Acute and chronic ocular disease

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18
Q

What causes patent infections with Onchocerca lupi?

A

Large numbers of microfilaria

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19
Q

What are the signs associated with canine onchocercosis?

A 
Conjunctivitis
Discomfort
Periorbital swelling
Exophthalmos
Photophobia
Lacrimation
Dischrage
Periocular tissue
Granulomatous nodules
Cysts
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20
Q

What is the definitive host of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

A

Dogs

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21
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

A

Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis, Pulex iriitans)

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22
Q

Where is Acanthocheilonema reconditum microfilaria found?

A

In blood

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23
Q

Is Acanthocheilonema reconditum pathogenic or nonpathogenic?

A

Nonpathogenic

24
Q

What is Acanthocheilonema reconditum an important differential of?

A

Dirofilaria immitis, which is pathogenic

25
Q

What is the genus and species of heartworms?

A

Dirofilaria immitis

26
Q

What is the DH of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Domestic dog is the most prevalent
Domestive cat
Ferrets (rare)

27
Q

What are the dead-end hosts of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Bears
Raccoons
Beavers
Humans

28
Q

In humans, what can Dirofilaria immitis be misinterpreted as?

A

Neoplasia

29
Q

What is the IH of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Mosquitoes

30
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Red wolf
Grey fox
Red fox
Coyote

31
Q

What is the Dirofilaria immitis life cycle in a dog?

A

Mosquito takes a blood meal (L3 enters skin)
L4 migrate toward thorax, circulatory system
Adults in pulmonary arteries and right heart
Female produces microfilariae
Mosquito takes a blood meal
L1
L2
L3 migrate to mouth parts

32
Q

What are the required hosts of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Definitive host (susceptible population)
Intermediate host (susceptible mosquito species)
Reservoir hosts
Stable mosquito population (Anopheles spp., Aedes spp., Culex spp.)

33
Q

What is the pathology if there is a higher worm burden?

A

More severe heart/lung disease

34
Q

What are the early pathologic changes with heartworm?

A

Due to inflammatory processes in/around arteries of lower lungs

35
Q

What are the late pathologic changes with heartworm?

A

Heart may enlarge and become weakened due to increased workload
Congestive heart failure

36
Q

What happens to very active/ working dogs with heartworms?

A

Severe disease with fewer worms

37
Q

Describe heartworm disease in dogs

A

Cardiopulmonary
Primary due to adults in pulmonary arteries
Narrowing/occlusion of pulmonary arteries
Disrupts intima
Leads to pulmonary hypertension

38
Q

What does pulmonary hypertension cause?

A

Dilation of right ventricle

Compensatory myocardial hypertrophy

39
Q

What occurs with congestive heart failure?

A

Ascites
Hydrothorax
Hydropericardium

40
Q

What can parasites in the heart do?

A

May trigger mechanical valvular damage/endocarditis

41
Q

What is the progression of clinical signs with heartworms in dogs?

A

Early: Inapparent
Mild: Cough
Moderate: Cough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds
Severe: Dyspnea, hepatomegaly, syncope, ascites, abnormal heart sounds, death

42
Q

What is the approved heartworm treatment?

A

Adulticide therapy

43
Q

What is used in adulticide therapy?

A

Melarsomine dihydrochloride

44
Q

What is used as a preventive for heartworms?

A

Macrocylic lactones

45
Q

What is adulticide theapy effective on?

A

Worms greater than 4 months post-infection

46
Q

What are macrocyclic lactones effective against?

A

L3 and L4

47
Q

What is caval syndrome?

A

Acute disease/clinical emergency caused by a large number of worms
Increased venous pressure

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of caval syndrome?

A 
Acute onset of weakness/anorexia
Dyspnea
Collapse
Pale mucous membranes +/- jaundice
Bilirubinemia
Bilirubinuria
Hemoglobinuria
49
Q

What is the PPP of heartworms in cats?

A

7-8 months

50
Q

What is the lifecycle of heartworms in a cat?

A

Infected mosquito takes a blood meal
L3 to enter skin
L3 molt to L4; L4 molt to adult
Adults arrive in pulmonary vasculature

51
Q

What are the 2 stages of heartworm disease in cats?

A

When parasites arrive in pulmonary vasculature

When adult heartworms die

52
Q

What are clinical signs associated with acute phase of heartworm disease in cats?

A

Subside as worms mature
Histopathologic lesions evident when cat clears infection
Occlusive medial hypertrophy of small pulmonary arterioles

53
Q

How frequently do cats become microfilaremic?

A

Rarely

54
Q

What is Wolbachia pipientis?

A

Intracellular gram-negative bacteria

55
Q

What does Wolbachia pipientis play a role in?

A

Pathogenesis and host immune response

56
Q

What is Wolbachia pipientis necessary for?

A

Dirofilaria immitis to reproduce/thrive

57
Q

How do you treat Wolbachia pipientis?

A

Doxycycline

Parasitology (27 decks)

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