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Parasitology > Cestodes I and II > Flashcards

Cestodes I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of class Cestoda?

A

Acoelomates
Dorsoventrally flat chain of segments
Monoecious

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2
Q

Where are adult cestodes usually found?

A

DH small intestine (there are some exceptions)

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3
Q

Are adult cestodes usually pathogenic?

A

No

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4
Q

What are cestode segments?

A

Proglottids

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5
Q

What is the cestode body?

A

Strobila

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6
Q

What is the anterior end of the cestode?

A

Scolex

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7
Q

Describe the scolex

A

Holdfast organ

May have specialized attachment organs (acetabula/suckers, bothria, bothridia)

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8
Q

What type of life cycle do cestodes use?

A

Indirect

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9
Q

Is the DH of cestodes a predator or prey?

A

Predator

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10
Q

Is the IH of cestodes a predator or prey?

A

Prey

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11
Q

What is the general indirect life cycle of cestodes?

A 
Proglottids with eggs in feces
Eggs in environment ingested
IH with metacestode (larval stage) in tissues
IH ingested
DH with cestode in SI
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12
Q

What are the 2 important cestode orders?

A

Cyclophyllidea

Diphyllobothriidea

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13
Q

What are the cestodes that fall under Cyclophyllidea?

A 
Taenia spp
Echinococcus spp
Diplyidium caninum
Moniezia sp
Anoplocephala spp
Paranoplocephala mamillana
Thysanosoma sp
Mesocestoides corti
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14
Q

What are the cestodes that fall under Diphyllobothriidea?

A

Sprimetra spp

Diphyllobothrium latum

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15
Q

What order are the true cestodes?

A

Cyclophyllidea

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16
Q

What order are the primitive cestodes?

A

Diphyllobothriidea

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17
Q

Describe true cestodes

A

Terrestrial life cycle

Cestode larvae require 1 IH, which are various vertebrates and invertebrates

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18
Q

Describe primitive cestodes

A

Aquatic life cycle

Cestode larvae require 2 IHs, the first is a copepod and the second is a fish or non-fish vertebrate

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19
Q

Describe the scolex of Cyclophyllidea

A

Suckers +/- hooks

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20
Q

Describe the eggs of Cyclophyllidea

A

Shed in gravid proglottids; eggs without operculum

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21
Q

What is the genital pore location in Cyclophyllidea?

A

Lateral

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22
Q

How many IH(s) are there for Cyclophyllidea?

A

1

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23
Q

Describe the larval stage of Cyclophyllidea

A

6 types

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24
Q

Describe the scolex of Diphyllobothriidea

A

Bothria (grooves)

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25
Q

Describe the eggs of Diphyllobothriidea

A

Shed from pore in proglottids; eggs operculate

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26
Q

What is the genital pore location in Diphyllobothriidea?

A

Medial (with uterine pore)

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27
Q

How many IH(s) are there for Diphyllobothriidea?

A

2

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28
Q

Describe the larval stage of Diphyllobothriidea

A

2 stages

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29
Q

What is a larval cestode in IH?

A

Metacestode

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30
Q

Which are more often associated with disease, metacestodes or adult cestodes?

A

Metacestodes

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31
Q

What do the 6 types of Cyclophyllidean larval stages depend on?

A

Species

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32
Q

Describe the 6 types of Cyclophyllidean larval stages

A

Metacestodes that develop into 1 adult in DH:
Cysticercus
Strobliocercus
Cysticercoid

Metacestodes that develop into multiple adults in DH:
Coenurus
Uniocular hydatid cyst
Alveolar (multiocular) hydatid

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33
Q

What are the 2 stages for Diphyllobothriideans?

A

Procercoid develops in 1st IH
Plerocercoid develops in 2nd IH
—-Each plerocercoid develops into 1 adult cestode

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34
Q

Describe cysticercus

A

“bladderworm”
Small, fluid-filled; scolex inside
e.g. taenia pisiforms
Develops into 1 adult

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35
Q

Describe strobilocercus

A

Fluid-filled bladder, but scolex everted
Taenia taeniaformis
Develops into 1 adult

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36
Q

Describe cysticercoid

A

Solid (vs bladder); scolex inside
Cestodes with arthropod IH
Dipylidium caninum, Anoplocephalids
Develops into 1 adult

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37
Q

Describe coenurus

A

Multiple larvae attached in cyst
Taenia multiceps
Develops into multiple adults

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38
Q

Describe uniocular hydatid cyst

A

Cysts in cysts; internal budding
Thick-walled; slow growing
Echinococcous granulosis
Develops into multiple adults

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39
Q

Describe alveolar (multiocualr) hydatid

A

External budding
Thin-walled; invasive; faster growht
Echinococcous multilocularis
Develops into multiple adults

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40
Q

What budding does unilocular hydatid cyst have?

A

Endogenous budding (slow growing; thick-walled)

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41
Q

What budding does mutliocular have?

A

Exogenous budding (fast growing; thin-walled)

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42
Q

What are the 2 genera of importance in the Cyclophyllidea family Taeniidae?

A

Taenia

Echinoccocus

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43
Q

What are the DH and IH of Taeniidae?

A

Mammals

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44
Q

Is the family Taeniidae zoonotic?

A

Yes, humans may be DH or dead-end IH

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45
Q

What is used to treat cestodes?

A

Praziquantel
Epsiprantel
Fenbendazole
NOT avermectins/milbemycins

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46
Q

What is the DH of Taenia pisiformis?

A

Canids

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47
Q

What is the IH of Taenia pisiformis?

A

Rabbit

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48
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia pisiformis?

A

Cysticercus is digested by DH –> scolex embeds in SI mucose –> develops in adult
Proglottids shed in feces
Egg ingested by IH, hatches –> hexacanth embryo migrates to organ –> develops into cysticercus

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49
Q

What is the DH of Taenia hydatigena?

A

Canids

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50
Q

What is the IH of Taenia hydatigena?

A

Ruminants, swine

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51
Q

What is the life cylce of Taenia hydatigena?

A

Cysticercus is digested by DH –> scolex embeds in SI mucose –> develops in adult
Proglottids shed in feces
Cysticercus in peritoneal membranes of IH

52
Q

Which Taenia is more common in common dogs?

A

T. pisiformis

53
Q

What is the DH of Taenia taeniaeformis?

54
Q

What is the IH of Taenia taeniaformis?

55
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia Taniaeformis

A

Strobilocercus is digested by DH –> scolex embeds in SI mucosa –> develops into adult
Proglottids shed in feces
Strobilocercus in liver, peritoneum of IH

56
Q

What is the PPP of Taenia pisiformia?

57
Q

What is the PPP of Taenia hydatigena?

A

1.5 months

58
Q

What is the PPP of Taenia taeniaformia?

A

1.5 months

59
Q

Which Taenia spp are of public health importance? What are they found in?

A

Taenia solium: pork tapeworm

Taenia sagniata: beef tapeworm

60
Q

What is the DH of Taenia solium?

61
Q

What is the IH of Taenia solium?

A

Swine

Humans can become accidental IH

62
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia solium?

A

DH is humans
Proglottids shed in feces
Custicercus in muscle of IH

63
Q

What is the DH of Taenia saginata?

64
Q

What is the IH of Taenia sagniata?

65
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia saginata?

A

DH is humans
Proglottids shed in feces
Cysticercus in muscle of IH

66
Q

How can humans be an accidental IH for T. solium?

A

Self infection with eggs
Cysticerci in various locations
Neurocysticerosis

67
Q

What are the adult stages of Echinococcus spp like?

A

Very small

68
Q

What are the metacestodes of Echinococcous spp like?

A

Very large

69
Q

What is the zoonosis of Echinoccous spp metacestodes?

A

They are zoonotic

70
Q

What is the DH of Echinococcus granulosus?

71
Q

What is the IH of Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Primarily ungulates

72
Q

What is the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Hydatid is digested by DH –> scolices embeded in SI mucosa –> develop into adults
Taeniid eggs in feces
Unilocular hydatid cyst in liver, lung, and other organs of IH

73
Q

What is the sylvatic cycle of Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Wolf (DH) –> caribou (IH)

Dingo (DH) –> kangaroo (IH)

74
Q

What is the domestic cycle of Echinococucs granulosus?

A

Dogs (DH) –> sheep (IH)

75
Q

What is the zoonotic risk with Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Humans are accidental IH
Primaruly by ingesting eggs while handling dogs
Benign neoplasia; cystic echinococcosis
Endemic areas in Australia, Africa, South America

76
Q

What is the DH of Echinococcous multiocularis?

A

Foxes, other canids; rarely cats

77
Q

What is the IH of Echinococcous multiocularis?

78
Q

What is the life cycle of Echinococcous multiocularis?

A

Hydatid is digested by DH –> scolices embeded in SI mucosa –> develop into adults
Taeniid eggs in feces
Multiocular hydatid cyst in abdominal cavity of IH

79
Q

What is the most common cycle of Echinococcous multiocularis that we see?

A

Sylvatic cycle: artic fox (DH) –> vole (IH)

80
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk with Echinococcous multiocularis?

A

Humans are rarely an accidental IH

81
Q

What are other names for Diplydium caninum?

A

Cucumber tapeworm
Flea tapeworm
Double-pored tapeworm

82
Q

What is the DH of Diplydium caninum?

A

Felids and canids

83
Q

How is the DH infected with Diplydium caninum?

A

Ingestion of infected IH

84
Q

What is the IH is Dipylidium caninum?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

85
Q

Can people get Diplydium caninum?

A

Yes, by eating the infected flea (especially kids)

86
Q

What is the life cycle of Diplydium caninum?

A 
Egg "packets"
Flea larva ingests eggs
Cysticercoid in IH
DH ingests flea
Proglottids shed in feces
87
Q

What is the PPP of Diplydium caninum?

88
Q

What is the DH of Anop;pcephala perfoliata?

89
Q

Where is Anoplocephala perfoliata found in equids?

A

Ileum, cecum, ileocecal junction

90
Q

What is the IH of Anoplocephala perfoliata?

A

Oribatid (free-living) mites

91
Q

What can Anoplocephala perfoliata cause pathology in?

A

DH: may be associated with certain types of colic

92
Q

What is the larval stage with Anoplcephala perfoliata?

A

Cysticercoid

93
Q

Describe Anoplocephala magna

A

Life cycle similar to A. perfoliata
Posterior small intestine
Larger than A. perfoliata; no lappets
Relatively harmless

94
Q

Describe Paranoplocephala mamillana

A

Life cycle similar to A. perfoliata
Anterior small intestine
Smaller than A. perfoliata; no lappets
Relatively harmless

95
Q

What is the DH of Moniezia spp?

96
Q

What is the IH of Moniezia spp?

A

Oribatid mites

97
Q

What is the larval stage of Moniezia spp?

A

Cysticercoid

98
Q

Are Moniezia spp considered pathogenic?

99
Q

What is found in the egg of Anoplocephala spp, Paranoplocephala and Moniezia spp?

A

Pyriform apparatus

100
Q

What is Thysanosoma sp?

A

Fringed tapeworm

101
Q

What is the DH of Thysanosoma sp?

A

Small ruminants; rarely cattle and deer

102
Q

What is the IH of Thysanosoma sp?

A

Booklice or bark lice

103
Q

Where are adult Thysanoma sp found?

A

In bile duct and duodenum

104
Q

What is the larval stage of Thysanomsoma sp?

A

Cysticercoid

105
Q

What is the DH of Spirometra spp?

A

Felids (bobcat)
Canids
Raccoons

106
Q

What is the 1st IH for Spirometra spp?

A

Copepod (procercoid)

107
Q

What is the 2nd IH for Spirometra spp?

A

Lots… non-fish vertebrates (plerocercoid)

108
Q

What is the PH of Spirometra spp?

A

Non-fish vertebrates

109
Q

Where are Spirometra spp common?

A

Southeastern US

110
Q

What are adult Spirometra spp associated with?

A

GI signs in dogs and cats (vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss)

111
Q

What is sparganosis?

A

When the plerocercoid of Spriometra spp causes disease in humans

112
Q

What can humans become with Spirometra spp?

A

2nd IH- ingestion of copepod with procercoid

or PH- ingestion or transfer or plerocercoid

113
Q

What happens if a cat ingests copepods with the procercoid?

A

It gets sparganosis and becomes a 2nd IH

114
Q

What is the DH of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Canids, felids, humans

115
Q

What is the 1st IH of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Copepods (procercoid)

116
Q

What is the 2nd IH of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Small freshwater fish (plerocercoid)

117
Q

What is the PH of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Large freshwater fish

118
Q

Describe human infections with Diphyllobothrium latum

A

No or mild clinical disease
Acute: GI symptoms
Chronic: Vit B12 deficiency –> deficiency; nerve degeneration

119
Q

What is the pathogenesis of adult Cyclophyllidean cestodes in the DH?

A

Generally do not cause disease

120
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Diphyllobothriidean cestodes in the DH?

A

They are more likely to cause disease

121
Q

What does the pathogenesis of metacestodes in IH depend on?

A

Location
Size
Invasiveness

122
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Diphyllobothriidean metacestodes in 2nd IH?

A

Spirometra causes sparaganosis

123
Q

What is important in controlling cestodes?

A

Prevention of infection and reinfection (flea control, prevent carnivory)

124
Q

What are the zoonotic cestodes with humans as accidental IH?

A

Echinococcus granulosus
E. multiocularis
Spirometra spp (2nd IH or PH)
Taenia solium

125
Q

What are the zoonotic cestodes with humans as accidental or normal DH?

A

Diplyidium caninum (accidental)
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latum

Parasitology (27 decks)

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