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Parasitology > Protozoa I: Intro, Giardia > Flashcards

Protozoa I: Intro, Giardia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basis of classification for protozoa?

A

Morphological similarities

Animal hosts

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2
Q

List some protozoa that are important in animals and zoonoses and the diseases associated

A

Eimeria spp.: Coccidiosis in chickens and other hosts
Toxoplasma gondii, Tritrichomonas foetus, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis cruzi: reproductive failure in various hosts
Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii: CNS disease

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3
Q

What are general characteristics of protozoa?

A 
Unicellular/multicellular stages
Eukaryotes with organelles
Aqueous environment to feed/reproduce
Life cycles vary (direct or indirect)
Reproduction includes asexual and sexual stages
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4
Q

What is the genus and species of Giardia?

A

Giardia duodenalis

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5
Q

What is the significance of the geographical distribution of Giardia?

A

It is the most common flagellate of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians

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6
Q

What is the host of G/ duodealis Assemblage A?

A

Humans and other primates, dogs, cats, livestock, rodents, and other wild mammals

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7
Q

What is the host of G. bovis Assemblage E?

A

Cattle and other hoofed livestock

Not zoonotic

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8
Q

How long is the direct life cycle of Giardia?

A

PPP: 5-7 days

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9
Q

What is the reproduction of Giardia?

A

Asexual: binary fission

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10
Q

What are the stages in the life cycle of Giardia?

A

Trophozoite

Fecal cyst

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11
Q

What is the infective stage of Giardia?

A

Cyst stage in feces that can survive for months

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12
Q

What are the routes of infection for Giardia?

A

Fecal-oral

Carnivorism

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13
Q

What are the sites of infections for Giardia?

A

Small intestine
Trophozoites encyst in large intestine and the cyst stage is excreted in the feces
Intermittent shedder

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14
Q

Are Giardia trophozoites mainly in the small intestine or large intestine?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What is the motile stage of Giardia?

A

Trophozoites

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16
Q

Describe Giardia trophozoites

A

Size range: 4-10 μm x 10-20 μm
2 nuclei
Flagellated

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17
Q

What is the best way to find Giardia trophozoites?

A 
Fresh sample (diarrgeic)
Direct smear
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18
Q

Describe the direct smear for Giardia trophozoites

A

Look for motile trophozoites

Lugol’s iodine stain

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19
Q

Describe Giardia fecal cysts

A

Size range: 4-10 μm x 6-15 μm
4 nuclei
No flagella

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20
Q

What is the best way to find Giardia fecal cysts?

A

Flotation with zinc sulfate and Sheather’s solution (main test)
Antigen test
Direct FA test
PCR

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Giardia?

A 
Small bowel diarrhea
Usually young animals
Diarrhea; often intermittent
Malabsorption, weight loss
Mucus, fluid in small intestine
Often associated with concurrent infections
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22
Q

Describe Giardia in ruminants

A

Primarily Assemblage E
High prevalence worldwide
Young are more susceptible to acute infections
Adults are chronically infected
Periparturient rise in Giardia cyst excretion in ewes

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23
Q

What is used to treat Giardia?

A

Metronidazole
Albendazole
Fenbendazole*

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24
Q

How can Giardia be controlled?

A

Environmental control

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25
Q

What are the epidemiological factors of Giardia?

A

Cysts immediately infective
Water-borne, food-borne, mechanical/transport hosts
Population density/poor hygiene/fecal contamination
Immune status/concurrent infection
Age/passive immunity-colostrum
Host specificity/reservoir hosts

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26
Q

What is the definitive host of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Turkeys*, chickens, pheasants, guinea fowl

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27
Q

What are the primary sites of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Liver and ceca

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28
Q

What is the type of life cycle for Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Direct life cycle, but Heterakis gallinarum is usually required as transport host

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29
Q

How is Histomonas meleagridis transported?

A

Via H. gallinarum eggs into bird host

30
Q

What is the infective stage of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Motile trophozoites

31
Q

What is the primary route of infection for H. meleagridis?

A

Ingestion of infected embryonated H. gallinrum egg

32
Q

What is the life cycle of H. meleagridis?

A

After ingestion, H. gallinarum egg hatches, Histomonas is released in the intestine. It goes systemic via blood vessles, then moves to the liver/ceca and the trophozites undergo binary fission. In the ceca, Histomonas infects Heterakis gallinarum female and is incorporated into nematode eggs

33
Q

What are alternate infection routes of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Paratenic host

Bird to bird transmission: cloacal drinking

34
Q

What is the most susceptible bird species to Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Turkeys

35
Q

What is Histomonas meleagridis the causative agent of?

A

Blackhead

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Blackhead?

A 
Lethargy
Stilted gate
Cyanosis
7-12 days PI
Mortality- 17 days PI
37
Q

What are the liver lesions associated with Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Circular depressions of necrosis, enlarged

38
Q

What are the ceca lesions associated with Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Cecal core, ulceration leading to perforation and then peritonitis

39
Q

What is the treatment for Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Currently no approved drugs
Control of cecal worm: Heterakis gallinarum
Avoid cohabitation of bird species, problems with free-range birds

40
Q

What are the hosts for Trichomonads?

A

Wide range

Vertebrates: amphibians, birds, mammals, fish, and invertebrates

41
Q

What are the two categories of species of Trichomonads?

A

Parasitic and commensal

Commensals are used to rule out if it is parasitic or not

42
Q

What are the trophozoite characteristics of Trichomonads?

A 
3-5 anterior flagella
Undulating membrane
Axostyle
Single nucleus
No cyst stage
4-30 μm
Most species are not pathogenic
43
Q

What is the host of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Cattle

44
Q

What is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in the female?

A

Reproductive tract

Vagina/uterus

45
Q

What is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in the male?

A

Sheath of penis

Sometime seminal vesicles and testicles

46
Q

What is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in the fetus?

A

Fluids from abortion

Stomach of aborted fetus

47
Q

What kind of life cycle does Tritrichomonas foetus have?

A

Direct life cycle

48
Q

What is the direct life cycle of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Flagellated trophozoites introduced during coitus— trophozoites reproduce asexually in reproductive tract via binary fission— mature trophozoites in 14-20 days PI
No cyst stage

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Tritrichomonas foetus in males?

A

Males are asymptomatic

50
Q

What are the signs of Tritrichomonas foetus in females?

A 
Repeat breeders
Infertility
Vaginitis
Cervicitis
Chronic inflammation of vulva and vagina
51
Q

What are signs of Tritrichomonas foetus in the fetus?

A

Usually aborted in first 16 weeks

52
Q

Describe Tritrichomonas foetus trophozites

A 
Motile
Flagellated
Undulating membrane
3 anterior flagella
Presence of trophozoites on wet mounts
Sample from reproductive tract
---Physiological saline
---The "no-no's"
53
Q

How do you culture Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

InPouch TF System

54
Q

What is the treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

No drugs approved/available
Metronidazole has shown some efficacy
Vaccine

55
Q

How can you control Tritrichomonas foetus?

A 
Management strategies evolving and vary
Control animal movement; test before introduction of bull/cows
AI
Test bull annually
Use younger bulls
Cull positive cows; vaccinate females
56
Q

What does Tritrichomonas blagburni (foetus) cause in Felids?

A

Feline Trichomoniasis

Intestinal trichomoniasis in cats (large intestine)

57
Q

What is the transmission of Tritrichomonas blagburni (foetus) in Felids?

A

Likely: trophozoites transmitted fecal-oral

Breed/age susceptibility (young, pure-bred domestic show cats; group housed)

58
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Feline Trichomoniasis?

A

Large bowel inflammation

  • –Chronic diarrhea/relapses
  • –Stools hemorrhagic/mucoid
59
Q

What is the diagnosis of Feline Trichomoniasis?

A

History of diarrhea: Problem
—FIV, corona virus, FeLV, Cryptosporidium, Giardia
Motile trichomonads in feces
Culture (InPouch); PCR

60
Q

How is Feline Trichomoniasis controlled?

A

Isolation of cats, repeat testing, + cattery

61
Q

What is the site and pathology of Tritrichomonas foetus in swine?

A

Site: stomach, colon, nasal passages
Pathology: none

62
Q

What is the site and pathology of Tritrichomonas foetus in dogs?

A

Site: Large intestine
Pathology: Diarrhea

63
Q

What is the host of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Wide range of avian species

64
Q

What is the location of Trichomonas gallinae in the host?

A

Primarily upper GI tract

Extraintestinal

65
Q

What is the Trichomonas gallinae trophozite like?

A

4 anterior flagella
Undulating membrane, axostyle
Single nucleus
No cyst stage

66
Q

What is the Trichomonas gallinae life cycle?

A

Trophozoites introduced orally—- divide (longitudinal binary fission)— passed to next host orally

67
Q

What are the routes of infection for Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Mother—offspring (regurgitation)
Water/feed contamination
Predator/prey
Courtship

68
Q

What is the pathology for Trichomonas gallinae?

A 
"Canker", roup, frounce, trichomoniasis
Upper GI tract
Invade mucosal surface
Caseous lesions
Secondary infection
Strain differences
69
Q

What is the diagnosis of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Gross lesion
Direct smear
Histopathology

70
Q

What is the treatment of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Dimetronidazole

Environmental control

71
Q

What has been found to cause infections in a T-Rex?

A

Trichomonas sp.

Parasitology (27 decks)

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