Nematodes II: Spirurids and Oxyurids Flashcards by Anika Eidson

What is the morphology of Spirurida?

Tight spirally coiled tail of male
Most have 2 lateral lips
Esophagus divided into anterior and posterior glandular portion

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What are the species in the Spirurida order?

Physaloptera
Dracunculus insignis
Draschia
Habronema
Spirocerca lupi

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What is the distribution of Physaloptera spp (stomach worm)?

Most common in midwestern US in dogs and cats

Especially in animals with outdoor access/history of prey consumption

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What is DH of Physaloptera?

Canids and felids

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What is the PPP of Physaloptera?

41-83 days

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What is the Physaloptera life cycle?

Larvated eggs in feces
DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3
L3 attaches to the stomach wall
L4 is in the stomach
Adults are in the stomach

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What is the IH of Physaloptera?

Beetles, cockroaches, crickets

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What is the life cycle of Physaloptera in the IH?

L1 hatches
L2
L3 is infective

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What are the PH of Physaloptera?

Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals

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How does the PH get infected with Physaloptera?

Ingest IH first

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What is the diagnostic stage of Physaloptera?

Eggs with L1 or adults attached to the mucosa of the stomach

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What is the pathogenesis of adult Physaloptera?

Attach to mucosa
Feed on blood and mucosa
Ulceration
Hemorrhage
Catarrhal gastritis

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What are the Physaloptera clinical signs?

Usually asymptomatic
GI (possibly chronic vomiting, secondary to gastritis, esophagitis, regurgitation)
Systemic (anorexia, weight loss, lethargy)

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How can you diagnose Physaloptera adults?

About 44mm
Endoscopy
Vomitus

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What is the difference between Ascarid and Physaloptera?

Ascarids are often found in the stomach at necropsy

Physalopteras have the head embedded in mucosa

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How do you diagnose Physloptera eggs?

Not usually found on fecal flotation

Fecal sedimentation

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What is the distribution of Dracunculus insignis?

North America

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What are the DH of Dracunculus insignis?

Raccoons
Mink
Canids
Felids (rare)

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What is the Dracunculus insignis life cycle?

L1 released into water
Males die
DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3 (in water)
Females in SubQ extremities

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What is the IH of Dracunculus insignis?

Copepods

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What is the PH of Dracunculus insignis?

Frogs

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Where will you find Dracunuculus insignis L3?

Thoracic and abdominal muscles

SubQ tissues

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Where will you find Dracunuculus insignis L4?

SubQ tissues

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Where will you find Dracunuculus insignis adult?

SubQ tissues

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What are the Dracunculus insignis clinical signs?

Pyogranulomatous inflammation | Chronic nodules or abscesses (primary locations are limbs and abdomen)

How do you diagnose Dracunculus insignis L1?

Impression smears of lesions/discharge | It has a complete digestive tract and it has a prominent, long, and pointed tail

How do you diagnose Dracunculus insignis adult?

Remove adult females from nodules

What is the DH of Draschia and Habronema?

Equids

What are the intermediate hosts of Draschia and Habronema?

``` Musca domestica (house fly**) Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) ```

What is the distribution of Drachia and Habronema?

Worldwide | In US, the house fly is the most important

What is the life cycle of Draschia and Habronema?

``` L1 +/- eggs in feces L3 transferred to DH DH ingests IH with infective L3 L3 is in the stomach L4 is in the stomach Adults are in the stomach Eggs hatch in the GI tract ```

What is the life cycle of Draschia and Habronema in the IH?

L1 ingested by fly larvae L1 matures to L2 which matures to the infective L3 in the fly Adult fly feeds on DH Infective L3 migrates to the head of the fly Fly feeds on horse L3 is transferred to DH Horse licks and ingests infective L3 or ingest fly

Is there a blood meal needed to infect an animals with Draschia and Habronema?

What is the Draschia and Habrinema pathogenesis?

Tumor-like lesions near margo plicatus

What are the clinical signs with Draschia and Habronema adults?

Usually asymptomatic Gastritis Perforation Peritonitis

What are the clinical signs with Draschia and Habronema larvae?

Granulomatous lesions | Cutaneous (summer sores)

How do you diagnose Draschia and Habronema eggs?

Not fecal flotation | PCR of feces to differentite species

How do you diagnose Draschia and Habronema larvae?

Lesions

How do you diagnose Draschia and Habronema adults?

Necropsy

What is the DH of Spirocerca lupi (esophageal worm)?

Dogs | Cats

What is the life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?

Larvated eggs in feces DH ingests PH or IH with infective L3 L3 penetrates gastric wall L3 walls of gastroepiploic and gastric aa ---> celiac artery---> thoracic aorta ---> L4 ---> adults Adults migrate to connective tissue Adults found in nodules in esophageal wall, stomach

What is the IH of Spirocerca lupi?

Coprophagous beetle

How does the IH get Spirocerca lupi?

Ingests L1 in egg | L1 --> L2--> infective L3

What are the PH of Spirocerca lupi?

Mammals Birds Lizards Toads

How does the PH get Spirocerca lupi?

PH ingests IH with infective L3

What is the distribution of Spirocerca lupi?

Worldwide in warmer climates, tropical and subtropical

What is the pathogenesis of Spirocerca lupi?

Aortic aneurysms Thrombosis Esophagus has granulomas and sarcomas

Describe nodule/granulomas associated with Spirocerca lupi

Form around worms in wall of esophagus

Describe sarcomas associated with Spirocerca lupi

Worms in wall of esophagus | Sarcoma developed around them

What are the clinical signs associated with Spirocerca lupi?

``` Esophageal dysphagia Vomiting Esophageal neoplasia Aortic aneurysm or rupture Thickening of long bones chracteristic of hypertrophic osteopathy ```

How do you diagnose Spirocerca lupi eggs?

``` Fecal flotation (NaNO3 solution) Vomitus: thick-shelled, larvated, 34 x 13 μm ```

How do you diagnose Spirocerca lupi adults?

Vomitus | Necropsy

What is the DH of Oxyuris equi (pinworms)?

Equids

What is the distribution of Oxyuris equi?

Worldwide

What is the life cycle of Oxyuris equi?

Eggs L1 --> L2 --> L3 in eggs (4-5 days) Cement fries, cracks; eggs fall off or are rubbed off L3 in egg (infective) ingested by DH L3 hatch in SI; feed on intestinal mucosa 3rd molt in mucosal crypts L4 ventral colon Adults in dorsal colon feed on gut contents Female moves to anus Female lays eggs in gelatinous substance, "cement", under tail

What is the primary importance in pathology with Oxyuris equi?

Egg laying females

What does Oxyuris equi egg laying females do?

Travel to rectum Females extrude through the host's anus Lay eggs on perineum in clumos contained in gelatinous material Inflammation of cecum, colon

Describe L4 Oxyuris equi

Relatively large buccal cavity Attach to intestinal mucosa Feed by intestine plugs Mucosal erosions --> little pathology

Describe Oxyuris equi adults

Free in intestinal lumen Feed on gut contents No pathology

What is the definitive method of diagnosing Oxyuris equi?

Scotch tape method