Ectoparasites VII: Diptera II Flashcards
What are the families of Nematocera?
Culicidae (mosquitoes)
Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)
Simuliidae (black flies)
Psychodidae (sand flies)
Describe nematocera
Delicate flies Segmented antennae Semi-aquatic to aquatic breeding sites Only adult females are blood-feeders Males live on nectar
What is the veterinary importance of Nematocera?
Their important mainly as vectors
What is the antennae on Cilicidae (mosquitoes) like?
Long
Where do Culicidae (mosquitoes) lay eggs?
On soil or water
Describe the stages of Culicidae (mosquitoes) life cycle
Larval instars (4) Pupae require water
For the Culicidae that are parasitic, how often do females feed?
Every few days
What is the veterinary direct disease importance of Culicidae?
Nuisance, allergies
Blood loss
What is the veterinary indirect disease importance of Culicidae?
Vectors
Nematodes, protozoans, viruses
What do Culicidae feed on?
1/2 species feed mostly on mammals
1/3 species feed mostly on birds
Some feed on mostly reptiles and amphibians
What is the role of Culicidae in the ecosystem?
Serve as food for fish, tadpoles, bats, etc
Adults contribute to pollination
How long does the Culicidae life cycle take to complete?
As little as 4 days to more than 1 month
Describe the Culicidae life cycle
Adult emerges from pupa, dries, and flies off
Non-feeding pupa also uses siphon to take in air
Larvae usually have a siphon at water surface to take in air
Eggs are laid in an area that will become wet, or on or above existing water surface
What are Culicidae standing water breeders?
Eggs need water
Anopheles (common malaria mosquito)
Culex (southern house mosquito)
What are Culicidae flood water breeders?
Eggs in moist soil or artifical containers
Hatch with rain or flood
Aedes (inland floodwater mosquito, eastern salmarsh mosquito)
What are the Culicidae subfamilies and genera?
Anophelinae: Anopheles
Culicinae: Aedes, Culex
Describe Anopheles
Air tube absent
Rests parallel to water surface
Describe Aedes and Culex
Short air tube: air tube present, rests at angle below water surface
Slender air tube: air tube present, rests at angle below water surface
Describe Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Most common anopheline in eastern US
Feed mainly in big mammals
Vector for agents of malaria and heartworm
What Culicidae are important for heartworms?
Culex quinquefaciatus
Aedes vexans
How are Culicidae managed?
Integrate pest management:
Biological- larvicides
Mechanical- drain swamps, clean ditches, bed nets
Chemical- larvicides, adulticides, repellants
What is the genera of Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)?
Culicoides
Where is Culicoides spp. found?
Near fresh or salt water
Where do Culicodes spp. lay eggs?
On moist surface or in water
What is the flight range of Culicoides spp?
Short flight range usually
Active dawn and dusk
What are the bites of Culicoides spp like?
Very painful
May cause hypersensitivity reactions
What are the viruses that biting midges are vectors of?
Bluetongue
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease
What are the nematodes that biting midges are vectors of?
Onchocerciasis
What are the protozoa that biting midges are vectors of?
Avian hemosporidians (Haemoproteus spp. and Luecocytozoon spp.)
Describe Simulium spp
Black flies
Small, stout-bodies, hump on throax
Short antennae
Where do Simulium spp breed?
In running water
When do Simulium spp. bite?
Daytime
What are the viruses that black flies are vectors of?
Vesicular stomatitis
What are the nematodes that black flies are vectors of?
Onchocerciasis
What are the protozoa that black flies are vectors of?
Leucocytozoon spp
Describe Lutzomyia spp.
Sand flies Small, dull-colored Nocturnal Rest in moist places during the day Short-lived as adults Weak fliers
What is the virus the sand flies are vectors of?
Vesicular stomatitis
What is the protozoa the sand flies are vectors of?
Leishmania spp.
Describe Reduviid bugs
Kissing bugs
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease in canids and humans)
Describe bed bugs
Increasing populations
Disease transmission is not confirmed
Exsanguination in chickens
