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Parasitology > Protozoa II: Ciliphora > Flashcards

Protozoa II: Ciliphora Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Ciliophora?

A 
2 types of nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus)
Ciliated body
Food ingested through cytostome
Reproduces by binary fission
Majority are free living
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2
Q

What is the largest parasitic protozoan in humans?

A

Balantidium coli

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3
Q

How many species are hosts of Balantidium coli?

A

50

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4
Q

What are some of the hosts of Balantidium coli?

A

Pigs*, humans, other primates, horses, bovine, rodents

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5
Q

What is the distribution of Balantidium coli?

A

Worldwide

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6
Q

What is the location of Balantidium coli in the host?

A

Large intestine

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7
Q

What kind of life cycle does Balantidium coli have?

A

Direct life cycle

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8
Q

Describe the direct life cycle of Balantidium coli

A

Cysts in host feces
Cysts are ingested by host
Trophozoites exist in the small intestine
Trophozoites usually colonize the large intestine and undergo binary fission
Encystation in large intestine and cyst formation occurs
Cyst, trophozoites are excreted
Cysts are ingested
—Infective stage

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9
Q

How long does it take for the life cycle of Balantidium coli to complete?

A

4-5 days

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10
Q

What is the reproduction of Balantidium coli?

A

Asexual (transverse binary fission)

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11
Q

What is the infective stage of Balantidium coli?

A

Cyst in feces

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12
Q

What is the route of infection of Balantidium coli?

A

Fecal-oral

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13
Q

Describe the Balantidium coli trophozoites

A

Horseshoe shaped macronucleus
Ciliated
Fresh fecal sample
Direct smear: looking for motile ciliated trophozoites

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14
Q

Describe the Balantidium coli cyst

A

Shed in feces
Detection by flotation (zinc sulfate)
Large horseshoe shaped macronucleus

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of Balantidium coli in domestic/wild pigs?

A

Usually asymptomatic

Diarrhea, colitis

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16
Q

What is the treatment of Balantidium coli?

A

Not usually treated in swine

Zoonotic potential

17
Q

How is Balantidium coli controlled?

A

Interrupt fecal-oral transmission

18
Q

What are the at risk populations for Balantidium coli?

A

Rural, institutionalized groups

Immunosuppressed

19
Q

What is the reservoir host of Balantidium coli?

A

Pigs

20
Q

What are the other potential routes of infection of Balantidium coli?

A

Watreborne or food contamination

21
Q

What is the largest parasitic protozoan in fish?

A

Ichthyopthirius multifiliis

22
Q

What is the parasitic fish stage of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A

Motile ciliated trophont with a distinct horseshoe shaped macronucleus

23
Q

What does Ichthyophthirium multifiliis have outbreaks and high mortalities in?

A

Aquacultured fish species

24
Q

What stage of the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis life cycle is treatable with chemotherapeutics?

A

Theront

25
Q

Describe Ichthyophthiriys multifiliis trophonts

A

Parasitic fish stage
Sites of infection: gills, fins, and skin
Protected from chemical treatments
Mature on fish and drop off into the water
Encyst

26
Q

Describe Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts

A

Protected and encysted stage in water

Binary fission within the tomont produces tomites

27
Q

Describe Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomites

A

Furter develop into theronts

Release of theronts

28
Q

Describe Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts

A

Motile, ciliated stage
Theronts emerge from the tomont into the water column
Encounter a fish host
Targeted stage
Penetrate epithelium of fish and develop into trophonts
At normal ambient temperatures, 24-27 deg. C, they must contact a fish host within 48-72 hours

29
Q

What is the completion of the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis life cycle dependent on?

A

Temperature (lower temperatures)

30
Q

What is the optimal temperature range for the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis life cycle?

A

24-25 deg. C

31
Q

What are the signs of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A 
Small white nodules on skin/gills/fins
Epithelial erosion, sloughing of epidermis, focal necrosis, ulcerations, excess mucus production
Gills: oxygen exchange compromised
Flashing (abnormal swimming behavior)
Lethargy, anorexia
Mortalities
32
Q

What are the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis diagnostic methods?

A 
Live/freshly dead fish
Mucus from suspect area
Direct smear with dechlorinated water
Looking for trophont stage
Wet mount
Histology (H and E)
33
Q

What is the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis for home aquaria/ornamental fish?

A

Treat for at least a week
Gradually increase temperature to suboptimal temperature
Multiple treatments may be necessary

34
Q

What are the over-the-counter treatments available for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A 
Malachite green/formalin (Quick Cure)
Copper sulfate
Potassium permanganate
Formalin
Methylene blue
35
Q

What is the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multigiliis for aquaculture (food fish)?

A

Copper sulfate
Potassium permanganate
Formalin
Salt

36
Q

What is the prevention and control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis for home aquaria?

A

Quarantine fish
Don’t add travel water to tank display
Keep temperatures stable and reduce stress
Purchase plants from tanks with no fish
Disinfect all items from other aquaria
Do not purchase from tanks with sick or dead/dying fish

37
Q

What is the prevention and control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis for aquaculture?

A 
Prevent wild fish from entering the pond
Ground water v. surface water
Allow pond to remain unstocked for 3-4 days after filling
Disinfect equipment
Avoid cross-contamination
38
Q

What is Cryptocaryon irritans similar to?

A

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Parasitology (27 decks)

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