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Higher biology > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the phenotype of an organism determined by?

A

The proteins produced as a result of gene expression

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2
Q

What is an organisms’s characteristic determined by?

A

Many biochemical processes which are enzyme controlled

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3
Q

Why does DNA determine an organism’s characteristics?

A

DNA controls the structure of enzymes

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4
Q

Are enzymes proteins?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is phenotype also influenced by?

A

Environmental factors which can turn genes on or off

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6
Q

What do all proteins contain?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen atoms

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7
Q

What is each protein made from?

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

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8
Q

What forms polypeptide chains?

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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9
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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10
Q

During protein synthesis, what does the sequence of DNA bases determine?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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11
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids determine?

A

Structure and function of a protein

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12
Q

What do polypeptide chains do in a protein?

A

Coil and fold into 3D shapes as their amino acids interact with the cell environment

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13
Q

Why do polypeptide chains coil and fold into 3D shapes?

A

As their amino acids interact with the cell environment

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14
Q

What are the 3D shales held together by?

A

Hydrogen and other bonds between individual amino acids

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15
Q

What are structural proteins mostly made of?

A

a helices arranged in parallel

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16
Q

Give examples of structural proteins (2)

A

Keratin
Collagen

17
Q

What are polypeptide chains in globular proteins?

A

a helices folded into 3D spherical shapes, held together by hydrogen and other bonds

18
Q

Give examples of 3 globular proteins

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

19
Q

What do many protein functions depend on?

A

The precise 3D shape of the molecule

20
Q

What are haemoglobin sub-units folded into?

A

A spherical shape with a non-protein part with iron added

21
Q

What do four of these folded haemoglobin sub-units make?

A

One haemoglobin molecule

22
Q

What can be used to separate charged molecules?

A

Gel electrophoresis

23
Q

How does gel electrophoresis separate charged molecules?

A

Using an electric current to force them to move through a gel

24
Q

What gets dropped first?

A

Large molecules

25
Q

How are proteins treated?

A

To give them a uniform negative charge, and can be separated by size and weight

Higher biology (33 decks)

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