Pronouns

Question 1

‘I’ declined singular.

Answer 1

ego, me, mei, mihi, me.

nb. the genitive ‘mei’ is not ‘my’ but ‘of me’.

Question 2

‘I’ plural declined (‘we’).

Answer 2

nos, nos, nostri/nostrum, nobis, nobis.

nb. the genitive is not ‘our’ but ‘of us’.

Question 3

nostri or nostrum.

Answer 3

nostri is used for the partitive genitive, pars fābulae = part of the story (= part of a whole).
nostrum is used for the objective genitive, if the genitive noun expresses the object of the original verb, it’s an objective genitive (amor matris = love of his mother (= the man loves his mother)).

Question 4

‘you’ singular.

Answer 4

tu, te, tui, tibi, te.

Question 5

‘you’ plural.

Answer 5

vos, vos, vesti/vestrum, vobis, vobis.

Question 6

vestri or vestrum.

Answer 6

Vestrī “of you / y’all” is used for the partitive genitive, while vestrum “of you / y’all” is used for the objective genitive.

Question 7

‘it/he/she’ singular.

Answer 7

M - is, eum, eius, ei, eo.
F - ea, eam, eius, ei, ea.
N- id, id, eius, ei, eo.

Question 8

‘it/he/she’ plural.

Answer 8

M - ei, eos, eorum, eis, eis.

F - eae, eas, earum, eis, eis.

N - ea, ea, eorum, eis, eis.

Question 9

‘this’ singular.

Answer 9

M - hic, hunc, huius, huic, hoc.

F - haec, hanc, huius, huic, hac.

N - hoc, hoc, huius, huic, hoc.

nb. can mean ‘this one’ as in ‘this chair’, or ‘this man’.
or the ‘the latter’.

Question 10

‘this’ plural

‘these’.

Answer 10

M - hi, hos, horum, his, his.

F - hae, has, harum, his, his.

N - haec, haec, horum, his, his.

Question 11

‘that’ singular.

Answer 11

M - ille, illum, illius, illi, illo.

F - illa, illam, illius, illi, illa.

N - illud, illud, illius, illi, illo.

nb. also used as ‘the former’.

Question 12

‘that’ plural.

‘those’

Answer 12

M - illi, illos, illorum, illis, illis.

F - illae, illas, illarum, illis, illis.

N - illa, illa, illorum, illis, illis.

Question 13

Reflex pronouns meaning.

Answer 13

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers back to the subject of the sentence. In English, reflexive pronouns end in “self” or “selves.”

The boy sees himself in the mirror. = Puer sē videt in speculō.

Why did you write a letter to yourself? = Cūr tibi litterās scrīpsistī?

nb. this is different to an intensive pronoun, which appears the same in English. Intensive pronouns emphasize a noun or pronoun, but there is no reflexive element to the action.

The farmer ‘himself’ did it. = Agricola ‘ipse’ hoc fēcit.

Question 14

Third person reflex pronouns.

Answer 14

se (sese), sui, sibi, se (sese).

nb. there is no nominative.

nb. Sē is both singular and plural. It is also masculine, feminine, and neuter. This means that the same word can have various English translations based on the context.
Sē can mean himself (masculine singular), herself (feminine singular), itself (neuter singular), or themselves (plural).

nb. se and sese mean the same, sese is just more emphatic.

Question 15

First and second person reflex pronouns.

Answer 15

Is the same as their personal pronoun forms, but without a nominative.

Question 16

How to express possession.

The farmer loves his (own) daughter.
I sleep in my (own) bedroom.

Answer 16

meus, mea, meum/noster, nostra, nostrum… - my own/my.
tuus, tua, tuum/vester, vestra, vestrum… - your own/your.
suus, sua, suum… - is always reflexive.

Question 17

Reflex pronoun in indirect statement.

Answer 17

If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the direct statement, the reflex pronoun is used -

Nautae vīdērunt ‘sē’ longē ā lītore abesse. = The sailors saw that ‘they’ were far from shore.

If the subject of the indirect statement is different as the subject in the direct statement, the third person reflex pronoun is used -

Titus dīxit amīcum ‘sibi’ domum aedificāvisse. = Titus said that his friend had build a house for ‘himself’.

Question 18

What is a relative pronoun?

Answer 18

A pronoun that introduces a subordinate clause to give more information about a person, place, or thing.

The man ‘who’ sits in the garden sings = Vir ‘quī’ in hortō sedet cantat.
The woman ‘whom’ the boy sees is singing = fēmina ‘quam’ puer videt cantat.

nb. English relative pronouns are who, that, and which.

nb. The relative pronoun takes its number and gender from the antecedent but its case from its role in the sentence.

Main clause - the man sings. Subordinate clause - who sits in the garden.
Main clause - the woman sings. Subordinate clause - whom the boy sees.

The man (antecedent) who (relative pronoun) sits in the garden sings.

Question 19

Relative pronouns singular.

Answer 19

M - qui, quem, cuius, cui, quo.

F - quae, quam, cuius, cui, qua.

N - quod, quod, cuius, cui, quo.

Question 20

Relative pronoun plural.

Answer 20

M - qui, quos, quorum, quibus, quibus.

F - quae, quas, quarum, quibus, quibus.

N - quae, quae, quorum, quibus, quibus.

Question 21

Connecting relative.

Answer 21

The connecting relative is used to connect two separate sentences. It stands in the place of ‘and’ and a third person pronoun.

My father sent me many gifts. And when I had seen them, I rejoiced = pater mihi multa dōna mīsit. Quae cum vīdissem, laetāta sum.

dona = quae.

Question 22

Interrogative Pronouns & Adjectives.

Answer 22

Are used to ask a question.
In English, interrogative pronouns are ‘who’ and ‘what’. Latin has ‘quis’ and ‘quid’.

Interrogative adjectives modify a noun. The English interrogative adjectives are ‘which’ and ‘what’. We use them along with a noun to ask which person is doing something or what house is on fire. The Latin interrogative adjective is quī, quae, quod.

Quī frāter est rēx? = Which brother is the king?

Quae sella est bona? = Which chair is good?

Question 23

Interrogative pronoun singular.

Answer 23

M - quis, quem, cuius, cui, quo.

N - quid, quid, cuius, cui, quo.

nb. There is no feminine singular interrogative pronoun.

Question 24

Interrogative pronoun plural.

Answer 24

M - qui, quos, quorum, quibus, quibus.

F - quae, quas, quarum, quibus, quibus.

N - quae, quae, quorum, quibus, quibus.

Question 25

Interrogative adjective singular.

Answer 25

M - qui, quem, cuius, cui, quo.

F - quae, quas, cuius, cui, qua.

N - quod, quod, cuius, cui, quo.

The interrogative adjective may look like the relative pronoun, but its use is different. It modifies a noun and can ask the following questions: which? what? what kind of? and what sort of?

Question 26

Interrogative adjective plural.

Answer 26

M - qui, quos, quorum, quibus, quibus.

F - quae, quas, quarum, quibus, quibus.

N - quae, quae, quorum, quibus, quibus.