constructions Latin and Greek

Question 1

what case indicates motion towards?

Answer 1

Latin-
acc.

Greek-
acc

Question 2

what case indicates motion from?

Answer 2

Latin-
abl

Greek-
gen

Question 3

what case indicates resting in?

Answer 3

Latin-
abl

Greek-
dat

Question 4

what case is used:
how long (time or distance)

Answer 4

Latin-
acc

Greek-
acc

Question 5

what case is used:
within which (time or diatnce)

Answer 5

Latin-
abl

Greek-
gen

Question 6

what case is used:
at a point (time or distance)

Answer 6

Latin-
abl

Greek-
dat

Question 7

what case is used:
person after passive verb (‘agent’)

Answer 7

Latin-
a(b) + abl

Greek-
υπο + gen

Question 8

what case is used:
thing after passive verb (‘instrument’)

Answer 8

Latin-
abl (no prep)

Greek-
dat (no prep)

Question 9

what case is used:
participle phrase seperate from the main clause

Answer 9

Latin-
abl absolute

Greek-
gen absolute

Question 10

what case is used:
comparison with ‘than’ word

Answer 10

Latin-
quam + both things being compared in same case

Greek-
ἠ + both same case

Question 11

what case is used:
comparison without ‘than’ word

Answer 11

Latin-
abl of comparison

Greek-
gen of comp.

Question 12

indirect statement?

Answer 12

Latin-
infin. construction (acc + infin)
Latin uses the infinitive of the tense of the words originally spoken.
Future inf are always used after verbs of threatening or vowing.

Greek-
ὁτι clause (verbs of saying) + indic. verb; or optative if intro verb is past.

infin. construction (verbs of thinking) (acc + infin)

participle construction (verbs of perception)
οἰδα σε μωρον οντα
I know you being stupid/that you are stupid.

all retain the tense of the original statement.

Question 13

the subject in an inf + acc clause (and part. in Greek)?

Answer 13

Latin-
subject is in the acc, and is always expressed.
If it is the same as the main verb subject, a reflexitive is used (e.g se)

The woman said that she was very happy.
mulier dixit eam ualde contentam esse.
or same women:
mulier dixit se ualde contentam esse.

Greek-

a new subject is in the acc.
if the same subject, it is in the nom. or left out.

He said that I had gone.
ἐφη με ἐλθειν.

He said that he had gone.
ἐφη ἐλθειν.

Question 14

Asking a direct question?

Answer 14

Latin-
indic. verb + ?
question word usu beings with Q

Greek-
indic. verb + ;
question word usu beings with Π

Question 15

asking an open question (is it the case…?)?

Answer 15

Latin-
-ne (on end of first word)
expecting yes: nonne
expecting no: num

Greek-
ἀρα;
expecting yes: ἀρ΄ ου
expecting no: ἀρα μη/μων

Question 16

Indirect question tense and mood?

Answer 16

Latin-
question word + subjunctive (tense by sense)
question words don’t change in indir. speech.

Greek-
question word + indic. (altho optative can be used if in historic sequence)
has same tense of original direct speech.
question words add ὁ to the beginning (ποῦ - ὁπου)

Question 17

how to ask ‘if/whether’ in indirect quesion?

Answer 17

Latin-
num or an (never si)
‘whether … or’ should be translated utrum … an’

Greek-
εἰ
ποτερον…ἠ

Question 18

a direct command?

Answer 18

Latin-
imperative
neg. noli/nolite + infin.
but if a neg. command is added to a positive one, nec is used.

‘mane in villa nec exi’
stay in the house and do not go out.

Greek-
imperative (aorist is referring to one occasion)
neg. μη

Question 19

an indirect command?

Answer 19

Latin-
iubeo/veto + infin.
all other verbs use ut/ne + subj (tense by sense)
(a command can include polite requests or giving advice such as hortor, moneo, oro, peto, rogo)

Greek-
use infin.
for neg. μη + infin.

indic. statement uses ου

Question 20

A purpose clause?

in that order that…

Answer 20

Latin-
ut/ne + subj (tense by sense)

Greek-
ἱνα/ὁπως + subj. (primary) or optative (historic) (neg. ἱνα + μη)
ὡς + future partc. (neg. οὐ)

Question 21

Result clause?
‘so that, so as to’ or ‘so that not’

Answer 21

Latin-
ut/ut non + subj (tense by sense)
usu signposted by a ‘so’ word (adeo, tam, talis, tantus, tot, ita)

Greek-
ὡστε/ὡστε ου + indic. or ωστε/μη + infin.
usu signposted in main clause (οὑτω ‘so’, τοσουτος ‘so big’)

Question 22

Conditional clauses ‘open/unknown’

if you say this, you are making a mistake (present open)
if you said this, you made a mistake (past open)
if you say this, you will be making a mistake (simple future)
if you say this, you be praised (fut. remote)

Answer 22

Latin-
si + indic. verb (tense by sense/hidden future)

if part of an indirect statement the apodosis of any conditional becomes acc + infin (as in a normal indirect statement), the verb of the protasis becomes subjunctive (tense determined by extended sequence rules).

Greek-
εἱ + indic or ἐαν + sub in future opens.

Question 23

Conditional clauses ‘closed/remote’

if you had said this, you would have made a mistake (past closed)
if you were saying this, you would be making a mistake (present closed)
if you were to say this, you would be making a mistake (future remote)

Answer 23

Latin-
pastC: pluperf. subj. in both.
presC: imperf. subj in both.
futureR: present subj. in both.

if neg. (in any type) nisi in protasis
non in apodosis.

Greek-
Always has ἀν in the apodosis.

pastC: aorist indic. in both.
presC: imperf. indic. in both.
futureR: optative in both.

if neg. (in any type) μη in protasis (so eg. εἰ μη)
οὑ in apodosis.

Question 24

Relative clause

Answer 24

Latin-
qui quae quod- takes number and gender from antecedant but case from its role in the sentence.]

part of qui followed by the subj. is a disguised purpose clause
legatos misit qui regem necarent.
he sent envoys to kill the kind (lit. who were to kill the king)

part of qui after a full stop or semi colon is a connecting relative, and is translated like hic/is.

Greek-

Question 25

uses of negatives

Answer 25

Latin-
non negatives a fact and is most often with the indic.
but goes with the subj in neg result clauses (with ut), cum clauses, in deliberative questions (asking about what is to be done), and in apodosis of closed condit.
non usu come right before the verb, if it is elsewhere, it negatives just the word following it.

ne negatives a possibility and goes with the subj.
is used instead of ut in neg. purpose clauses and neg indirect commands.
after a verb of fearing it is trans as ‘that’ and is not really neg. (timeo ne equus in aquam cadat- I fear that the horse may fall into the water)
if the fear is actually negative, the two combine ne…non
- timebamus ne socii non advenirent
we were afraid that the allies would not arrive.

Greek-

Question 26

sequence of tenses

Answer 26

Latin-
primary- present, future, perfect with ‘have’
historic- imperfect, perfect, pluperfect.

primary main verb - present subj (incomplete, ongoing, projected action)
- perfect (completed action)

historic main verb - imperfect subj (incom/on/pro action)
- pluperfect (completed action)

Greek-

Question 27

ut + indic.
+ subj.

Answer 27

+indic. - how!, as, when

+subj. -
a) indirect command (after impero, persuadeo etc.) ‘to’
b) result (after tam, tantus, adeo) ‘so…that’
c) purpose ‘in order that/to’
d) after perficio ‘i bring it about that’, or accidit ‘it happens that’

look for-
tense,
words of command (suggests a)
signposts such as tot, tam (b)
the negative ut non (b, d)
while ne (a, c)

Question 28

compounds

Answer 28

Latin-
cum- with - together,
often appears as con-, col-, com-, cor-.
ab- au
‘d’ of ad- replaced by duplicating the existing constonent (aggredior, appareo)
e/ex and per - can be used to trans as ‘thoroughly’ ‘successfully’ (effugio- flee successfully/escape, perterritus- thoroughly scared/terrified)

Greek-