constructions Latin and Greek Flashcards
what case indicates motion towards?
Latin-
acc.
Greek-
acc
what case indicates motion from?
Latin-
abl
Greek-
gen
what case indicates resting in?
Latin-
abl
Greek-
dat
what case is used:
how long (time or distance)
Latin-
acc
Greek-
acc
what case is used:
within which (time or diatnce)
Latin-
abl
Greek-
gen
what case is used:
at a point (time or distance)
Latin-
abl
Greek-
dat
what case is used:
person after passive verb (‘agent’)
Latin-
a(b) + abl
Greek-
υπο + gen
what case is used:
thing after passive verb (‘instrument’)
Latin-
abl (no prep)
Greek-
dat (no prep)
what case is used:
participle phrase seperate from the main clause
Latin-
abl absolute
Greek-
gen absolute
what case is used:
comparison with ‘than’ word
Latin-
quam + both things being compared in same case
Greek-
ἠ + both same case
what case is used:
comparison without ‘than’ word
Latin-
abl of comparison
Greek-
gen of comp.
indirect statement?
Latin-
infin. construction (acc + infin)
Latin uses the infinitive of the tense of the words originally spoken.
Future inf are always used after verbs of threatening or vowing.
Greek-
ὁτι clause (verbs of saying) + indic. verb; or optative if intro verb is past.
infin. construction (verbs of thinking) (acc + infin)
participle construction (verbs of perception)
οἰδα σε μωρον οντα
I know you being stupid/that you are stupid.
all retain the tense of the original statement.
the subject in an inf + acc clause (and part. in Greek)?
Latin-
subject is in the acc, and is always expressed.
If it is the same as the main verb subject, a reflexitive is used (e.g se)
The woman said that she was very happy.
mulier dixit eam ualde contentam esse.
or same women:
mulier dixit se ualde contentam esse.
Greek-
a new subject is in the acc.
if the same subject, it is in the nom. or left out.
He said that I had gone.
ἐφη με ἐλθειν.
He said that he had gone.
ἐφη ἐλθειν.
Asking a direct question?
Latin-
indic. verb + ?
question word usu beings with Q
Greek-
indic. verb + ;
question word usu beings with Π
asking an open question (is it the case…?)?
Latin-
-ne (on end of first word)
expecting yes: nonne
expecting no: num
Greek-
ἀρα;
expecting yes: ἀρ΄ ου
expecting no: ἀρα μη/μων
Indirect question tense and mood?
Latin-
question word + subjunctive (tense by sense)
question words don’t change in indir. speech.
Greek-
question word + indic. (altho optative can be used if in historic sequence)
has same tense of original direct speech.
question words add ὁ to the beginning (ποῦ - ὁπου)
how to ask ‘if/whether’ in indirect quesion?
Latin-
num or an (never si)
‘whether … or’ should be translated utrum … an’
Greek-
εἰ
ποτερον…ἠ
a direct command?
Latin-
imperative
neg. noli/nolite + infin.
but if a neg. command is added to a positive one, nec is used.
‘mane in villa nec exi’
stay in the house and do not go out.
Greek-
imperative (aorist is referring to one occasion)
neg. μη
an indirect command?
Latin-
iubeo/veto + infin.
all other verbs use ut/ne + subj (tense by sense)
(a command can include polite requests or giving advice such as hortor, moneo, oro, peto, rogo)
Greek-
use infin.
for neg. μη + infin.
indic. statement uses ου
A purpose clause?
in that order that…
Latin-
ut/ne + subj (tense by sense)
Greek-
ἱνα/ὁπως + subj. (primary) or optative (historic) (neg. ἱνα + μη)
ὡς + future partc. (neg. οὐ)
Result clause?
‘so that, so as to’ or ‘so that not’
Latin-
ut/ut non + subj (tense by sense)
usu signposted by a ‘so’ word (adeo, tam, talis, tantus, tot, ita)
Greek-
ὡστε/ὡστε ου + indic. or ωστε/μη + infin.
usu signposted in main clause (οὑτω ‘so’, τοσουτος ‘so big’)
Conditional clauses ‘open/unknown’
if you say this, you are making a mistake (present open)
if you said this, you made a mistake (past open)
if you say this, you will be making a mistake (simple future)
if you say this, you be praised (fut. remote)
Latin-
si + indic. verb (tense by sense/hidden future)
if part of an indirect statement the apodosis of any conditional becomes acc + infin (as in a normal indirect statement), the verb of the protasis becomes subjunctive (tense determined by extended sequence rules).
Greek-
εἱ + indic or ἐαν + sub in future opens.
Conditional clauses ‘closed/remote’
if you had said this, you would have made a mistake (past closed)
if you were saying this, you would be making a mistake (present closed)
if you were to say this, you would be making a mistake (future remote)
Latin-
pastC: pluperf. subj. in both.
presC: imperf. subj in both.
futureR: present subj. in both.
if neg. (in any type) nisi in protasis
non in apodosis.
Greek-
Always has ἀν in the apodosis.
pastC: aorist indic. in both.
presC: imperf. indic. in both.
futureR: optative in both.
if neg. (in any type) μη in protasis (so eg. εἰ μη)
οὑ in apodosis.
Relative clause
Latin-
qui quae quod- takes number and gender from antecedant but case from its role in the sentence.]
part of qui followed by the subj. is a disguised purpose clause
legatos misit qui regem necarent.
he sent envoys to kill the kind (lit. who were to kill the king)
part of qui after a full stop or semi colon is a connecting relative, and is translated like hic/is.
Greek-
uses of negatives
Latin-
non negatives a fact and is most often with the indic.
but goes with the subj in neg result clauses (with ut), cum clauses, in deliberative questions (asking about what is to be done), and in apodosis of closed condit.
non usu come right before the verb, if it is elsewhere, it negatives just the word following it.
ne negatives a possibility and goes with the subj.
is used instead of ut in neg. purpose clauses and neg indirect commands.
after a verb of fearing it is trans as ‘that’ and is not really neg. (timeo ne equus in aquam cadat- I fear that the horse may fall into the water)
if the fear is actually negative, the two combine ne…non
- timebamus ne socii non advenirent
we were afraid that the allies would not arrive.
Greek-
sequence of tenses
Latin-
primary- present, future, perfect with ‘have’
historic- imperfect, perfect, pluperfect.
primary main verb - present subj (incomplete, ongoing, projected action)
- perfect (completed action)
historic main verb - imperfect subj (incom/on/pro action)
- pluperfect (completed action)
Greek-
ut + indic.
+ subj.
+indic. - how!, as, when
+subj. -
a) indirect command (after impero, persuadeo etc.) ‘to’
b) result (after tam, tantus, adeo) ‘so…that’
c) purpose ‘in order that/to’
d) after perficio ‘i bring it about that’, or accidit ‘it happens that’
look for-
tense,
words of command (suggests a)
signposts such as tot, tam (b)
the negative ut non (b, d)
while ne (a, c)
compounds
Latin-
cum- with - together,
often appears as con-, col-, com-, cor-.
ab- au
‘d’ of ad- replaced by duplicating the existing constonent (aggredior, appareo)
e/ex and per - can be used to trans as ‘thoroughly’ ‘successfully’ (effugio- flee successfully/escape, perterritus- thoroughly scared/terrified)
Greek-
