Morphology Flashcards
What are the 4 principal parts of a verb?
First Principal Part - 1st singular present indicative active
Second Principal Part - present infinitive active
Third Principal Part - 1st singular perfect indicative active
Fourth Principal Part - perfect participle passive (typically the masculine singular nominative)
First Principal part.
1st person singular present indicative active.
‘I’ form of the present tense - amo, habeo, mitto, audio etc…
Always ends in ‘o’.
Second principal part.
Present active infinitive.
The second principal part ends in –re, because this is the present infinitive active ending.
amare, habere, mittere, audire.
From the second principal part, you can determine the conjugation of the verb and the present stem ( which is used to build the present, imperfect, and future tenses, for both active and passive).
Third principal part.
1st person singular perfect indicative active.
amaui, habui, misi, audiui.
All end in -i.
This gives us the perfect active stem. This is used to build the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active tenses – as well as the perfect active infinitive.
Fourth principal part.
Perfect passive participle (usually given in the masculine singular nominative).
amatus, habitus, missus, auditus.
(loved, having been loved).
nb. for verbs that cannot be passive, the future active participle is given -
fugiturus - about to flee.
Principle parts of the 1st conjugation.
1PP: -ō
2PP: -āre
3PP: -āuī
4PP: -ātus
amo, amare, amaui, amatus.
Principle parts of the 2nd conjugation.
1PP: -eō
2PP: -ēre
3PP: -uī
4PP: -itus
habeo, habere, habui, habitus.
Principle parts of the 3rd conjugation.
1PP: -ō / iō
2PP: -ere
However, it then stops adhering to a pattern.
The 3PP will always end in ‘-i’.
The 4PP will ‘-us’.
It is the rest that is unpredictable.
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus.
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus.
Principle parts of the 4th conjugation.
1PP: -iō
2PP: -īre
3PP: -īuī
4PP: -ītus
audio, audire, audiui, auditus.
1st declension nouns.
ex. silva
nom - silva/silvae
voc - silva/silvae
acc - silvam/silvas
gen - silvae/silvarum
dat - silvae/silvis
abl - silvā/silvis
nb. 1st declension nouns are overwhelmingly feminine. Notable exceptions are agricola (farmer), nauta (sailor), pīrāta (pirate), poēta (poet), scrība (scribe or clerk).
2nd declension male nouns.
ex. servus
nom - servus/servi
voc - serve/servi
acc - servum/servos
gen - servi/servorum
dat - servo/servis
abl - servo/servis
2nd declension neuter nouns.
ex. bellum
nom - bellum/bella
voc - bellum/bella
acc - bellum/bella
gen - belli/bellorum
dat - bello/bellis
abl - bello/bellis
3rd declension feminine/masculine nouns.
ex. rex
nom - rex/reges
voc - rex/reges
acc - rem/reges
gen - regis/regum
dat - regi/regibus
abl - rege/regibus
nb. some 3rd declension nouns’ genitive plural end in -ium. Notable examples are pars, partis (f). civis, civis (m)
3rd declension neuter nouns.
ex. jus
nom - jus/jura
voc - jus/jura
acc - jus/jura
gen - juris/jurum
dat - juri/juribus
abl - jure/juribus
nb. some 3rd declension nouns’ genitive plural end in -ium. Notable examples are pars, partis (f). civis, civis (m)
4th declension nouns.
ex. manus
nom - manus/manus
voc - manus/manus
acc - manum/manus
gen - manus/manuum
dat - manui/manibus
abl - manu/manibus
nb. 4th declension nouns are generally masculine, although a few feminines
and even fewer neuters appear.