Morphology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 principal parts of a verb?

A

First Principal Part - 1st singular present indicative active

Second Principal Part - present infinitive active

Third Principal Part - 1st singular perfect indicative active

Fourth Principal Part - perfect participle passive (typically the masculine singular nominative)

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2
Q

First Principal part.

A

1st person singular present indicative active.

‘I’ form of the present tense - amo, habeo, mitto, audio etc…

Always ends in ‘o’.

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3
Q

Second principal part.

A

Present active infinitive.

The second principal part ends in –re, because this is the present infinitive active ending.
amare, habere, mittere, audire.

From the second principal part, you can determine the conjugation of the verb and the present stem ( which is used to build the present, imperfect, and future tenses, for both active and passive).

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4
Q

Third principal part.

A

1st person singular perfect indicative active.

amaui, habui, misi, audiui.
All end in -i.

This gives us the perfect active stem. This is used to build the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active tenses – as well as the perfect active infinitive.

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5
Q

Fourth principal part.

A

Perfect passive participle (usually given in the masculine singular nominative).

amatus, habitus, missus, auditus.
(loved, having been loved).

nb. for verbs that cannot be passive, the future active participle is given -

fugiturus - about to flee.

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6
Q

Principle parts of the 1st conjugation.

A

1PP: -ō

2PP: -āre

3PP: -āuī

4PP: -ātus

amo, amare, amaui, amatus.

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7
Q

Principle parts of the 2nd conjugation.

A

1PP: -eō

2PP: -ēre

3PP: -uī

4PP: -itus

habeo, habere, habui, habitus.

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8
Q

Principle parts of the 3rd conjugation.

A

1PP: -ō / iō

2PP: -ere

However, it then stops adhering to a pattern.

The 3PP will always end in ‘-i’.
The 4PP will ‘-us’.
It is the rest that is unpredictable.

mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus.
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus.

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9
Q

Principle parts of the 4th conjugation.

A

1PP: -iō

2PP: -īre

3PP: -īuī

4PP: -ītus

audio, audire, audiui, auditus.

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10
Q

1st declension nouns.

ex. silva

A

nom - silva/silvae
voc - silva/silvae
acc - silvam/silvas
gen - silvae/silvarum
dat - silvae/silvis
abl - silvā/silvis

nb. 1st declension nouns are overwhelmingly feminine. Notable exceptions are agricola (farmer), nauta (sailor), pīrāta (pirate), poēta (poet), scrība (scribe or clerk).

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11
Q

2nd declension male nouns.

ex. servus

A

nom - servus/servi
voc - serve/servi
acc - servum/servos
gen - servi/servorum
dat - servo/servis
abl - servo/servis

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12
Q

2nd declension neuter nouns.

ex. bellum

A

nom - bellum/bella
voc - bellum/bella
acc - bellum/bella
gen - belli/bellorum
dat - bello/bellis
abl - bello/bellis

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13
Q

3rd declension feminine/masculine nouns.

ex. rex

A

nom - rex/reges
voc - rex/reges
acc - rem/reges
gen - regis/regum
dat - regi/regibus
abl - rege/regibus

nb. some 3rd declension nouns’ genitive plural end in -ium. Notable examples are pars, partis (f). civis, civis (m)

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14
Q

3rd declension neuter nouns.

ex. jus

A

nom - jus/jura
voc - jus/jura
acc - jus/jura
gen - juris/jurum
dat - juri/juribus
abl - jure/juribus

nb. some 3rd declension nouns’ genitive plural end in -ium. Notable examples are pars, partis (f). civis, civis (m)

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15
Q

4th declension nouns.

ex. manus

A

nom - manus/manus
voc - manus/manus
acc - manum/manus
gen - manus/manuum
dat - manui/manibus
abl - manu/manibus

nb. 4th declension nouns are generally masculine, although a few feminines
and even fewer neuters appear.

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16
Q

5th declension nouns.

ex. res

A

nom - res/res
voc - res/res
acc - rem/res
gen - rei/rerum
dat - rei/rebus
abl - rē /rebus

nb. All 5th declension nouns are feminine, except dies, and compounds of
dies, which are masculine. Dies, however, can also be feminine when it refers to a
specific day: constitūtā diē, on the appointed day.