Prologue

Question 1

Define behavior

Answer 1

Any action we can observe

Question 2

Define psychology

Answer 2

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 3

Define mental processes

Answer 3

Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior

Question 4

Psychology uses __ & __ to explain human nature, and puts __ to the test

Answer 4

Observations & analysisTheories

Question 5

Describe Buddha’s (india) impact on psychology

Answer 5

Pondered how sensations & perceptions combine to form ideas

Question 6

Describe Confucius’ (china) impact on psychology

Answer 6

Stressed power of ideas & an educated mind

Question 7

Describe Socrates’ & Plato’s impact on psychology

Answer 7

Concluded mind is separable from body and continues after death. Knowledge is innate. Derived principles by logic

Question 8

Describe Aristotle’s impact on psychology

Answer 8

Derived principles by observations. Knowledge grows from experiences stored in memory

Question 9

Describe Descartes’ impact on psychology

Answer 9

Explained how immaterial mind & physical body communicate with “animal spirits”

Question 10

Describe Bacon’s impact on psychology

Answer 10

A founder of modern science. Saw how we perceive patterns in random events. Researched our noticing and remembering events

Question 11

Define Locke’s impact on psychology

Answer 11

Mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes

Question 12

Define empiricism

Answer 12

View that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, & science flourishes through observation & experiment

Question 13

In 1879, who created the first psychology experiment and laboratory? What did he seek to measure?

Answer 13

Wilhelm WundtFastest & simplest mental processes

Question 14

In 1892, who introduced structuralism? What did it aim to discover?

Answer 14

Edward TitchenerElements of mind, report elements of experience, but was unreliable

Question 15

Define structuralism

Answer 15

Early school of psychology that used introspection (looking inward) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Question 16

Who introduced functionalism and wrote Principles of psychology?

Answer 16

William James

Question 17

Define functionalism

Answer 17

School of psychology that focused on how mental & behavioral processes function; how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Question 18

First female president of the American Psychological Association

Answer 18

Mary Calkins

Question 19

First woman to receive a psychology PhD

Answer 19

Margaret Washburn

Question 20

Psychology developed from __ & __

Answer 20

Philosophy and biology

Question 21

Describe Pavlov’s, Freud’s, and Piaget’s impact on psychology

Answer 21

Pavlov: study of learningFreud: theory of personalityPiaget: observer of children

Question 22

Until the 1920s, psychology was defined as?

Answer 22

The science of mental life

Question 23

From the 1920s - 1960s, introspection was dismissed and psychology was defined as?

Answer 23

The scientific study of observable behavior

Question 24

In the 1960s, who pioneered humanistic psychology?

Answer 24

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Question 25

Define humanistic psychology

Answer 25

Perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Question 26

Describe the cognitive revolution in the 1960s

Answer 26

Support earlier ideas, but expanded ideas with science (like importance of considering internal thought processes)

Question 27

Define cognitive neuroscience

Answer 27

Study of the interaction of thought processes & brain function

Question 28

Describe contemporary psychology

Answer 28

Membership in psychological societies is growing. Psychology is growing & globalizing

Question 29

Define the nature-nurture issue

Answer 29

Longstanding controversy over relative contributions that genes & experience make to the development of psychological traits & behaviors

Question 30

Describe Plato, Aristotle, Locke, & Descartes views on nature-nurture issue

Answer 30

Plato: character & intelligence are largely inherited, certain ideas inbornAristotle: nothing in the mind does not come first from outside worldLocke: mind is blank sheet which experience writesDescartes: some ideas are innate

Question 31

Describe Darwin's impact on psychology

Answer 31

1831: pondered incredible species variation. 1859: book Origin of Species proposed evolutionary process & principle of natural selection

Question 32

Define natural selection

Answer 32

Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction & survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Question 33

Define levels of analysis

Answer 33

Differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any phenomenon

Question 34

Define biopsychosocial approach

Answer 34

Integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis

Question 35

Describe psychology's varied perspectives:Neuroscience:Evolutionary:

Answer 35

Neuroscience: body & brain enable emotions, memories, & sensory experiences Evolutionary: natural selection promotes perpetuation of one's genes

Question 36

Describe psychology's varied perspectives:Behavior genetics:Psychodynamic:

Answer 36

Behavior genetics: genes & environment influence our individual differencesPsychodynamic: behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts

Question 37

Describe psychology's varied perspectives:Behavioral:Cognitive:Social-cultural:

Answer 37

Behavioral: learn observable responsesCognitive: encode, process, store, & retrieve informationSocial-cultural: behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures

Question 38

Define basic research

Answer 38

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Question 39

Define the researcher types:Biological:Developmental:Cognitive:

Answer 39

Biological: explore links between brain and mindDevelopmental: study changing abilities from birth to deathCognitive: experiment how we perceive, think, & solve problems

Question 40

Define the researcher types:Personality:Social:Industrial/organizational:

Answer 40

Personality: investigate persistent traitsSocial: explore how we view & affect one another Industrial/organizational: study and advise on behavior in the workplace

Question 41

Define applied research

Answer 41

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Question 42

Define counseling psychology

Answer 42

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

Question 43

Define clinical psychology

Answer 43

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, & treats people with psychological disorders

Question 44

Define psychiatry

Answer 44

Branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Question 45

To master information, you must __ __ __

Answer 45

Actively process it

Question 46

What does the SQ3R study method stand for?

Answer 46

Survey, Question, Read, Review, & Reflect

Question 47

Describe the study method

Answer 47

Look over what you're going to read and note the sections' main topic. Keep learning objective as the question you'll answer. Review section & definitions. Stop & reflect & summarize reading

Question 48

Five study hints to boost your learning

Answer 48

1) Distribute your study time2) In class, listen actively3) Overlearn4) Focus on big ideas 5) Be a smart test-taker

Question 49

What did John Watson redefine psychology as? What was he known as

Answer 49

the scientific study of observable behaviorbehaviorist

Question 50

What are psychology's 7 perspectives?

Answer 50

neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural

Question 51

What are psychology's 6 types of researchers?

Answer 51

biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, and industrial/organizational