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AP Psych > Prologue > Flashcards

Prologue Flashcards

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1
Q

Define behavior

A

Any action we can observe

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2
Q

Define psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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3
Q

Define mental processes

A

Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior

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4
Q

Psychology uses __ & __ to explain human nature, and puts __ to the test

A

Observations & analysisTheories

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5
Q

Describe Buddha’s (india) impact on psychology

A

Pondered how sensations & perceptions combine to form ideas

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6
Q

Describe Confucius’ (china) impact on psychology

A

Stressed power of ideas & an educated mind

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7
Q

Describe Socrates’ & Plato’s impact on psychology

A

Concluded mind is separable from body and continues after death. Knowledge is innate. Derived principles by logic

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8
Q

Describe Aristotle’s impact on psychology

A

Derived principles by observations. Knowledge grows from experiences stored in memory

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9
Q

Describe Descartes’ impact on psychology

A

Explained how immaterial mind & physical body communicate with “animal spirits”

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10
Q

Describe Bacon’s impact on psychology

A

A founder of modern science. Saw how we perceive patterns in random events. Researched our noticing and remembering events

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11
Q

Define Locke’s impact on psychology

A

Mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes

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12
Q

Define empiricism

A

View that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, & science flourishes through observation & experiment

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13
Q

In 1879, who created the first psychology experiment and laboratory? What did he seek to measure?

A

Wilhelm WundtFastest & simplest mental processes

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14
Q

In 1892, who introduced structuralism? What did it aim to discover?

A

Edward TitchenerElements of mind, report elements of experience, but was unreliable

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15
Q

Define structuralism

A

Early school of psychology that used introspection (looking inward) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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16
Q

Who introduced functionalism and wrote Principles of psychology?

A

William James

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17
Q

Define functionalism

A

School of psychology that focused on how mental & behavioral processes function; how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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18
Q

First female president of the American Psychological Association

A

Mary Calkins

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19
Q

First woman to receive a psychology PhD

A

Margaret Washburn

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20
Q

Psychology developed from __ & __

A

Philosophy and biology

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21
Q

Describe Pavlov’s, Freud’s, and Piaget’s impact on psychology

A

Pavlov: study of learningFreud: theory of personalityPiaget: observer of children

22
Q

Until the 1920s, psychology was defined as?

A

The science of mental life

23
Q

From the 1920s - 1960s, introspection was dismissed and psychology was defined as?

A

The scientific study of observable behavior

24
Q

In the 1960s, who pioneered humanistic psychology?

A

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

25
Q

Define humanistic psychology

A

Perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

26
Q

Describe the cognitive revolution in the 1960s

A

Support earlier ideas, but expanded ideas with science (like importance of considering internal thought processes)

27
Q

Define cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of the interaction of thought processes & brain function

28
Q

Describe contemporary psychology

A

Membership in psychological societies is growing. Psychology is growing & globalizing

29
Q

Define the nature-nurture issue

A

Longstanding controversy over relative contributions that genes & experience make to the development of psychological traits & behaviors

30
Q

Describe Plato, Aristotle, Locke, & Descartes views on nature-nurture issue

A

Plato: character & intelligence are largely inherited, certain ideas inbornAristotle: nothing in the mind does not come first from outside worldLocke: mind is blank sheet which experience writesDescartes: some ideas are innate

31
Q

Describe Darwin’s impact on psychology

A

1831: pondered incredible species variation. 1859: book Origin of Species proposed evolutionary process & principle of natural selection

32
Q

Define natural selection

A

Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction & survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

33
Q

Define levels of analysis

A

Differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any phenomenon

34
Q

Define biopsychosocial approach

A

Integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis

35
Q

Describe psychology’s varied perspectives:Neuroscience:Evolutionary:

A

Neuroscience: body & brain enable emotions, memories, & sensory experiences Evolutionary: natural selection promotes perpetuation of one’s genes

36
Q

Describe psychology’s varied perspectives:Behavior genetics:Psychodynamic:

A

Behavior genetics: genes & environment influence our individual differencesPsychodynamic: behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts

37
Q

Describe psychology’s varied perspectives:Behavioral:Cognitive:Social-cultural:

A

Behavioral: learn observable responsesCognitive: encode, process, store, & retrieve informationSocial-cultural: behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures

38
Q

Define basic research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

39
Q

Define the researcher types:Biological:Developmental:Cognitive:

A

Biological: explore links between brain and mindDevelopmental: study changing abilities from birth to deathCognitive: experiment how we perceive, think, & solve problems

40
Q

Define the researcher types:Personality:Social:Industrial/organizational:

A

Personality: investigate persistent traitsSocial: explore how we view & affect one another Industrial/organizational: study and advise on behavior in the workplace

41
Q

Define applied research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

42
Q

Define counseling psychology

A

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

43
Q

Define clinical psychology

A

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, & treats people with psychological disorders

44
Q

Define psychiatry

A

Branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

45
Q

To master information, you must __ __ __

A

Actively process it

46
Q

What does the SQ3R study method stand for?

A

Survey, Question, Read, Review, & Reflect

47
Q

Describe the study method

A

Look over what you’re going to read and note the sections’ main topic. Keep learning objective as the question you’ll answer. Review section & definitions. Stop & reflect & summarize reading

48
Q

Five study hints to boost your learning

A

1) Distribute your study time2) In class, listen actively3) Overlearn4) Focus on big ideas 5) Be a smart test-taker

49
Q

What did John Watson redefine psychology as? What was he known as

A

the scientific study of observable behaviorbehaviorist

50
Q

What are psychology’s 7 perspectives?

A

neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural

51
Q

What are psychology’s 6 types of researchers?

A

biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, and industrial/organizational

AP Psych (24 decks)

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