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AP Psych > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

When learning a complex behavior, consciousness focuses on our __

A

concentration

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2
Q

Conscious awareness allows us to exert __ __ & to communicate our mental state. We register and react to stimuli we __ consciously perceive. Unconscious information processing occurs __ on many parallel tracks. Consciousness __ __ the brain events that evoke it. Conscious processing take place in __ (__)

A

voluntary controldon’tsimultaneouslylags behind sequence (serially)

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3
Q

Consciousness is relatively __ & has limited __ but is skilled at solving __ problems

A

slowcapacitynovel

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4
Q

__ consciousness: daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming__ consciousness: hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation__ consciousness: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

A

SpontaneousPhysiologicalPsychological

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5
Q

Body temp rises as __ comes, peaks in day, dips in afternoon, and drops at __. Thinking is sharpest and memory most accurate when at daily peak in __ arousal.Young: evening-energized “__” Old: morning-loving “__”.Transcontinental flights disrupt our circadian rhythm and we experience __ __. __ __ helps reset our biological clocks; __ activates sensitive retinal proteins that trigger

A

morningnightcircadianowlslarksjet lagBright light light

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6
Q

Brain’s __ gland decreases (morning) or increases (evening) production of sleep-inducing hormone, ___

A

pinealmelatonin

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7
Q

Longer awake, more active brain produces and accumulates __, which inhibits certain neurons, making us sleepy (__ blocks __’s activity)Today’s young adults adopt a __-hour day by staying up too late; artificial __ delays sleep

A

adenosinecaffeineadenosine25light

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8
Q

Sleep is a state we don’t know we are in until we __ it; we don’t remember __ into sleep

A

leavediving

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9
Q

Stage _ and Stage _ are slow-wave sleep stages in which you are hard to awaken. Stage 1: experience fantastic __ (__); Stage 2: clearly asleep, __ can occur here or later; Stage 3: brain starts emitting large slow __ waves; Stage 4: __ sleep stage with many __ waves

A

3 & 4images (hallucinations)sleeptalkingdeltadeepdelta

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10
Q

Brain processes certain __ even in deep sleep (baby cry, your name). We process most information __ of our conscious awareness. During REM sleep, heart rate __, breathing is __ and __, eyes __ around in burst of activity under eyelids; __ are aroused in REM sleep except in nightmares

A

stimulioutsiderisesrapid and irregulardartgenitals

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11
Q

__ blocks messages from brain’s motor cortex, so you are essentially paralyzed. Visual and auditory brain areas are __ during REM sleep and are __ in other stages

A

Brainstemactiveinactive

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12
Q

Sleep patterns are __ and __ influenced (newborns sleep __ of day, adults sleep __ of day; __ nations sleep less than before. Allowed to sleep unhindered, most humans will sleep at least _ hours a night. With _ hours of sleep, we awaken refreshed, have better moods, perform more efficient and accurate work than those who get less sleep; w/o sleep, you will be terribly __ at times. We accumulate a sleep __ that isn’t paid off by one long night of sleep

A

genetically and culturally⅔⅓industrialized99drowsydebt

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13
Q

Major effect of lessened sleep is __ and a general __. Teenagers average less than __ hours of sleep and function below their peak. To manage your life with enough sleep to awaken naturally and well rested is to be more __, __, __, and __

A

sleepinessmalaise7alert, productive, healthy, and happy

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14
Q

We live a __ than optimal life and perform at __ than optimal level, impaired by an amount of sleep __ that we’re not even aware of. With spring forward time, accidents __; with daylight savings time, accidents __.Sleep deprivation reveal __ reaction times and increased __ on visual tasks

A

lesslessdebtincreasedecreaseslowederrors

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15
Q

Sleep deprivation suppresses __ cells that fight off viral infections and cancer, which helps explain why people who sleep __ hours tend to outlive those chronically sleep deprived. Chronic sleep debt alters __ and __ functioning in ways that mimic aging and are conducive to obesity, hypertension, and memory impairment

A

immune7-8metabolic and hormonal

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16
Q

Sleep __, suits our ecological niche; helps us __, helps restore and repair brain __; gives resting __ time to repair, while unused connections weaken; also for remembering, restores and rebuilds our fading __ of the day. Sleep plays a role in growth process; __ gland releases a growth hormone in deep sleep

A

protectsrecuperatetissueneuronsmemoriespituitary

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17
Q

Insomnia complainers get __ sleep than others; common quick fixes (sleeping pills and alcohol) can __ the problem because they __ REM sleep

A

lessaggravatereduce

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18
Q

Treatment for insomnia: __ before bed, use __ light, avoid __ after late afternoon, avoid __ foods before bed, drink glass of __ (helps manufacture __, facilitates sleep), sleep on a __ schedule, avoid __, __ regularly (not in late evening), hide clock, go to bed __ or __

A

relax, dim, caffeine, rich, milk, serotonin, regular, naps, exercise, later or earlier

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19
Q

Discovered a gene causing __ in dogs; Discovered absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces __, an alerting neurotransmitter

A

narcolepsyhypocretin

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20
Q

After an airless minute, decreased blood oxygen arouses the sleeper to __ and __ in air for a few seconds; process can repeat __ times, depriving the person of __-__ sleep

A

awaken and snort400slow-wave

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21
Q

Sleep apnea mostly affects __ __; increased rate of traffic __; loud __. Sleep apnea sufferers are often __ of their disorder. Treatment: mask device with an air pump that keeps the __ open and breathing __

A

overweight menaccidentssnoringunawareairway, regular

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22
Q

__ __ target mostly children, who may sit up or walk, talk incoherently, double heart and breathing rates, and appeared terrified; seldom wake up __ during an episode

A

night terrorsfully

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23
Q

__ is usually harmless and unrecalled next morning; usually return to bed on own

A

Sleepwalking

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24
Q

Awaken people during or within __ minutes after REM sleep and hear a vivid dream account

A

3

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25
Q

Dreams are notable for their __ imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s __ acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

A

hallucinatorydelusional

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26
Q

Commonly dream of events in our __ __ and relatives or friends. Women dream of males and females __ often while men’s dreams usually involve only __

A

daily livesequallymales

27
Q

Even in REM sleep, focused on internal stimuli, we maintain some awareness of changes in our __ __

A

external environment

28
Q

Why do we dream? (5)

A

1) To satisfy our own wishes2) To file away memories3) To develop and preserve neural pathways4) To make sense of neural static5) To reflect cognitive development

29
Q

Critical Considerations: Lacks scientific support; dreams may be interrupted in many different ways

A

Freud’s wish fulfillment theory

30
Q

Critical Considerations: Why do we dream of things we haven’t experienced?

A

Information processing theory

31
Q

Critical Considerations: Doesn’t explain why we experience meaningful dreams

A

physiological function theory

32
Q

Critical Considerations: Individual’s brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about dreams

A

activation-synthesis theory

33
Q

Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams

A

Cognitive theory

34
Q

Strength, stamina, learning, and perceptual abilities of those under hypnosis are like those of motivated __ people; engage people’s ability to __ on certain images or behavior

A

unhypnotizedfocus

35
Q

To some extent, nearly everyone is suggestible to __. Those who are highly hypnotizable frequently are deeply absorbed in __ activities. Hypnotic “susceptibility” is hypnotic __, the ability to focus attention __ on a task

A

hypnosisimaginativeabilitytotally

36
Q

Age regressed people act as they __ children would, but __ children of this age. “Hypnotically refreshed” memories combine __ with __

A

believeoutperformfact with fiction

37
Q

People can be induced to perform a __ act, but behaviors are within normal __. Unhypnotized participants performed the __ acts as hypnotized people

A

dangerouslimitssame

38
Q

Hypnosis can relieve __; hypnotized patients require less , recover and leave __

A

painmedssooner

39
Q

Hypnosis __ sensation of pain stimulus from the emotional suffering defining pain. Pain relief results from __ __; stimuli of pain is registered in __ system. Hypnosis doesn’t block sensory input, but it may block our __ to those stimuli

A

dissociatesselective attentionsensoryattention

40
Q

Hypnotic phenomena may reflect working of normal __ & power of __ influence. The more motivated to demonstrate hypnotic behavior, the more they __ that person to direct their attentions and fantasies

A

consciousnesssocialallow

41
Q

Hypnotized subjects sometimes carry out __ behaviors on cue. An imagination in the __ __ is a compelling hallucination to the hypnotized brain

A

suggestedunhypnotized state

42
Q

We process much information __ conscious awareness. Information processing is divided into simultaneous __ and __ realms. Is an extension of social influence and everyday dissociations b/w __ awareness

A

withoutconscious and subconsciousconscious

43
Q

There are many controlled, occasional users than __ of drugs like alcohol and marijuana. People typically don’t become addicted when using drugs __. Some addicts benefit from __ programs, but people often recover on their __. Addiction-as-disease-needing-treatment idea shouldn’t be used to explain behavior as __

A

addictsmedicallytreatmentownillness

44
Q

Three categories of psychoactive drugs: __, __, and __; all do work on brain’s __

A

depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogenssynapses

45
Q

__: Depressant that slows brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions. When provoked, people behave more __ under alcohol and respond more __. Alcohol slows the __ nervous system, reactions slow, speech slurs, skilled performance deteriorates, lowered inhibitions, moral judgments become less __. Blackouts after drinking occur from alcohol suppressing __ sleep. Excessive drinking can __ brain, especially in women

A

alcoholaggressivelywillinglysympatheticmatureREMshrink

46
Q

Alcohol reduces __-__; focuses attention on immediate situation and away from __ consequences to oneself, which facilitates urges a person might otherwise resist. People who believe that alcohol affects social behavior in certain ways will __ accordingly. A drug’s overall effect depends not only on its __ effects, but also on the __ of the user’s expectations, which vary with culture

A

self-awarenessfuturebehavebiologicalpsychology

47
Q

The brain eventually stops producing its own opiates, the __ with continued drug use

A

endorphins

48
Q

Strong stimulants __ heart and breathing rates, cause pupils to __, appetite to __ (blood sugar increases), and energy and self confidence __. Aftermath may induce fatigue, irritability, violent behavior, depression, and low __ level

A

increasedilatediminishrisesdopamine

49
Q

__: Enters bloodstream quickly; result: “rush” of __ that last 15-30 minutes. Rush depletes brain’s supply of __, __, and __ result in a crash. __ works faster, produces briefer but more intense high, and a more intense crash

A

cocaineeuphoriadopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrineCrack

50
Q

__: Experience emotional elevation and given a social context, feelings of connectedness. Effects: __ which leads to overheating, and __ blood pressure; interferes with __’s control of the circadian clock, suppresses __ system, memory impaired

A

Ecstasydehydrationincreasedserotoninimmune

51
Q

__: Chemically similar to serotonin; emotions vary from euphoria to detachment to panic. Experience begins with simple __ forms, then more meaningful images, may harm self

A

LSDgeometric

52
Q

__: Relaxes, disinhibits, may produce a euphoric high; mild hallucinogen by amplifying sensitivity. More use increases anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia. May spell relief, medical use delivered using an __; Effects: impair __ coordination, perceptual skills, reaction time; THC and its by-products linger in the body for a __ or __; may achieve high with __ amounts of drug

A

marijuanainhalermotormonth or morelower

53
Q

All psychoactive drugs trigger __ aftereffects that offset their immediate __ effectsEmotions tend to produce __ emotions, which linger after original emotions disappear

A

negativepositiveopposing

54
Q

Drug: AlcoholType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: DepressantPleasurable Effects: Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibitionAdverse Effects: Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

55
Q

Drug: HeroinType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: DepressantPleasurable Effects: Rush of euphoria, relief from painAdverse Effects: Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

56
Q

Drug: CaffeineType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: StimulantPleasurable Effects: Increased alertness and wakefulnessAdverse Effects: Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

57
Q

Drug: MethamphetamineType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: StimulantPleasurable Effects: Euphoria, alertness, energyAdverse Effects: Irritability, insomnia, hypertensions, seizures

58
Q

Drug: CocaineType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: StimulantPleasurable Effects: Rush of Euphoria, confidence, energyAdverse Effects: Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

59
Q

Drug: NicotineType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: StimulantPleasurable Effects: Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-beingAdverse Effects: Heart disease, cancer (from tars)

60
Q

Drug: Ecstasy (MDMA)Type: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: Stimulant; mild hallucinogenPleasurable Effects: Emotional elevation, disinhibitionAdverse Effects: Dehydration, overheating, and depressed mood, cognitive, and immune functioning

61
Q

Drug: MarijuanaType: Pleasurable Effects: Adverse Effects:

A

Type: Mild hallucinogenPleasurable Effects: Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxationAdverse Effects: Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

62
Q

__ influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems, especially those appearing by early adult. Excitable, impulsive, and fearless __ __ are more likely as teens to smoke, drink, and use drugs. Certain __ are more common among people and animals predisposed to alcoholism

A

Heredityyoung boysgenes

63
Q

__ offer more opportunities and less supervision; increased drug use among __ __ adults. Take drugs because feel one’s life is __ and __; experience significant stress or failure and are __; drug rates differ across __ and __ groups; __ influence drug use. People are more likely to stop using drugs if their beginning use was influenced by their __

A

Citiesunmarried youngmeaningless and directionlessdepressedcultural and ethnicpeerspeers

64
Q

Influence for drug prevention: 1) __ about long term costs of drug’s temporary pleasures 2) efforts to __ people’s self esteem and purpose in life 3) attempts to modify peer associations by training them in __ skills

A

educationboostrefusal

AP Psych (24 decks)

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