Chapter 11 Flashcards by Jenna B

__ is a socially constructed concept and not a “thing”

Intelligence

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When referring to IQ we commit a reasoning error called __

reification

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__ __Mostly affects males, who also may have autism

Savant Syndrome

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__ __ scores predict performance on various complex tasks, jobs & longevity

General intelligence

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All forms of intelligence have __ value; __ places greater values on some capacities

intrinsic

culture

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__ intelligent people are self-aware; enjoy higher-quality __ with friends; can __ __ in pursuit of long-range rewards; are __ smart

Emotionally
interactions
delay gratification
emotionally

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__ in everyday living requires much that traditional intelligence tests don’t measure

Competence

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Brain areas supporting __ thinking tested by intelligence tests differ from those supporting the __ thinking that imagines multiple possible answers to a problem

convergent

divergent

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Five components of creativity beyond a minimal level of aptitude

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, Intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

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Creative environments free people from concern about __ __

social approval

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MRI scans do reveal correlation of +.40 between brain size and __ __

intelligence score

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Intelligence is due to the development of __ __ in response to the environment

neural connections

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Highly educated people die with more __ than less educated people

synapses

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Highly intelligent people have more __ __ (ability to develop new neural connections)

neural plasticity

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Different __ __ compete for the brain’s real estate

mental functions

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__ __ just above outer edge of eyebrows is a spot where info from various brain areas seem to converge and is very active

Frontal lobe area

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Verbal intelligence scores are predictable from the __ with which people retrieve info from memory

speed

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Correlation between intelligence score and __ of taking in perceptual info is +.4 to +.5

speed

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Those who __ quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests

perceive

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Highly intelligent people’s brain waves register a simple __ more quickly and with greater complexity; evoked brain response is slightly __ when they perform a simple task

stimulus

faster

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People who more quickly __ __ accumulate more info

process info

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Binet assumed all children follow the same course of __ development but some develop more rapidly

intellectual

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To measure __ __, Binet developed varied reasoning and problem solving questions that might predict school achievement using mental __

mental age

aptitude

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Binet said the only purpose of the test was to identify schoolchildren needing __ __

special attention

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To raise low scoring children’s capacities, Binet recommended __ __, which would train them to develop their attention span and self discipline

mental orthopedics

Today’s intelligence tests produce a __ __ score based on the test-taker’s performance relative to the average performance of others the same age

mental ability

Terman’s motive was to take account the inequalities of children in original endowment by assessing their __ __

vocational fitness

Achieved vocab influences __ test scores; aptitudes for learning and test-taking influence __ test scores

aptitude | achievement

Both aptitude and achievement test asses both __ and its __

ability | development

__ test predict future performance; __ tests assess current performance

Aptitude | achievement

What does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) yield?

Yields an overall intelligence score, as well as separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed

Psychological tests must be __, __, and __

standardized, reliable, and valid

College entrance aptitude scores have been __

decreasing

The higher the correlation b/w test-retest or split-half scores, the higher the test’s __

reliability

The predictive power of aptitude scores __ as students move up the education ladder

diminishes

When we validate a test using a wide range of people but then use it with a restricted range of people, it loses much of its __ __

predictive validity

No measures on __ provide any useful prediction of intelligence scores at much later ages

infants

By age 4, children’s performance on intelligence tests begins to __ their adolescent and adult scores

predict

high-scoring adolescents tend to have been __ __

early readers

At age 5, intelligence tests begin to predict __ __

school achievement

After age 7, intelligence test scores __; __ of scores increases with child’s age

stabilize | consistency

__ outnumber __ by 50% for mental retardation; many can, with support, live in __ society

Males females mainstream

Children with __ retardation are educated in less restrictive environments and many are integrated (mainstreamed) into regular classrooms

mild

Level: Mild Intelligence score: Adaptation to Demands of Life:

50-70 May learn academic skills up to 6th grade level; adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills

Level: Moderate Intelligence score: Adaptation to Demands of Life:

35-50 May progress to 2nd grade level academically; adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops

Level: Severe Intelligence score: Adaptation to Demands of Life:

20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

Level: Profound Intelligence score: Adaptation to Demands of Life:

Below 20 | Require constant aid and supervision

__ __ scoring children were unusually successful academically, healthy, and well adjusted

High IQ

Children with __ __ __ are sometimes more isolated, introverted, and in their own worlds, but most thrive

extraordinary academic gifts

Tracking by aptitude sometimes creates a __-__ prophecy: those implicitly labeled “ungifted” can be influenced to become so

self-fulfilling

__ runs in families

Intelligence

About 50%-75% of intelligence score variation can be attributed to __ __

genetic variation

__ __ have very similar gray matter volume, and their brains are virtually the same in areas associated with verbal and spatial reasoning

Identical twins

Gene in mouse helped create a neural __ involved in memory

receptor

As we accumulate life experience, __ influences - not __ ones, become apparent

genetic | environmental

We can attribute to __ 50% of the variation in intelligence

heredity

If environments become more equal, the __ of intelligence would increase

heritability

Our __ shape the experiences that shape us

genes

__ __ bludgeons native intelligence; infants in a program of “__ __ __” showed dramatic improvement from their deprived condition

Extreme deprivation | tutored human enrichment

Schools with poverty-level children had less qualified __, and lower __ scores

teachers | achievement

__ affects cognitive development; improving __ increases intelligence scores

Malnutrition | nutrition

No __ recipe for superbabies, just normal exposure to sights, sounds, and speech

environmental

Quality programs, offering individual attention, __ children’s school readiness

increase

__ and __ contribute to each other and that both enhance later income

Schooling and intelligence

__ intelligence is conducive to prolonged schooling; __ scores drop over summer

High | intelligence

__ groups differ in their average scores on intelligence tests

Racial

__-__ people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income

High-scoring

Group differences in a heritable trait may be entirely __

environmental

__ are remarkably alike, and __ is not a neatly defined biological category

Races | race

Race is primarily a __ __ without well-defined physical boundaries

social construction

Asian students outperform North American students on __ achievement and aptitude tests

math

__ rise and fall over centuries; it’s difficult to attribute a natural __ to any race

Cultures | superiority

__ __ see a dramatic increase in average aptitude scores in college because they receive a comparable quality of education

African Americans

better spellers, more verbally fluent, more capable of remembering words, better memory for locating objects, more sensitive, better at math computation, and better emotion detectors

girls

more likely to be underachievers, score higher in math problem solving tests, and have better spatial ability

boys

There is __ and __ influences on gender differences in life priorities, and risk taking

biological and social

Defenders of aptitude testing do not believe in blaming the test for a group’s __ __

low scores

They believe the aptitude test will detect __ with past experiences and future achievements

inequalities

Scientific meaning of bias hinges on whether a test is less __ for some groups than others and whether it __ __ behavior only for some groups of test-takers

valid | predicts future

If you tell students they probably won’t succeed, this __ will eventually erode their performance both on aptitude tests and in school

stereotype

Aptitude tests are __ in the sense that sensitivity to performance differences is caused by cultural experience

biased

Intelligence test scores reflect only one aspect of __ __

personal competence