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AP Psych > Chapter 4 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

zygote

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3
Q

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

A

embryo

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4
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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5
Q

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

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6
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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7
Q

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

A

rooting reflex

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8
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

A

habituation

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9
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

maturation

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10
Q

Earliest memories seldom predate 3rd birthday

A

infantile amnesia

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11
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

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12
Q

interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

A

assimilation

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13
Q

adapting one’s current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

accomodation

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14
Q

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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15
Q

the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

sensorimotor stage

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16
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

object permanence

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17
Q

the stage (from about 2 to 6-7 years old) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

preoperational stage

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18
Q

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

conservation

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19
Q

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

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20
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

A

theory of mind

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21
Q

disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

A

autism

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22
Q

normal intelligence, exceptional skill in one area, deficient social skills

A

Asperger syndrome

23
Q

stage of cognitive development (from 6-7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational stage

24
Q

stage of cognitive development (beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

formal operational stage

25
Q

fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months old

A

stranger anxiety

26
Q

emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

27
Q

optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

A

critical period

28
Q

process which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

A

imprinting

29
Q

to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

basic trust

30
Q

a sense of one’s identity and personal worth

A

self-concept

31
Q

impose rules and expect obedience; kids have less social skill and self esteem

A

authoritarian parents

32
Q

submit to children’s desires w/ few demands and few punishments; kids become immature and aggressive

A

permissive parents

33
Q

demanding and responsive; kids high self-esteem, self-reliance, competence

A

authoritative parents

34
Q

transition period from childhood to adulthood, extends from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

35
Q

period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

36
Q

body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

primary sex characteristics

37
Q

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as females breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

secondary sex characteristics

38
Q

first menstrual period

A

menarche

39
Q

first ejaculation, usually is a nocturnal emission

A

Spermarche

40
Q

thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

A

moral reasoning

41
Q

Before age 9, obey either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards

A

preconventional morality

42
Q

Early adolescence, care for others and upholds law and social rules

A

conventional morality

43
Q

affirms people’s agreed upon rights or follows what one sees as basic ethical principles (some don’t ever reach this stage)

A

postconventional morality

44
Q

one’s sense of self; adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

identity

45
Q

the ability to form close, loving relationships; primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

A

intimacy

46
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines (around age 50, reduces estrogen)

A

menopause

47
Q

progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

A

Alzheimer’s disease

48
Q

study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

cross-sectional study

49
Q

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

longitudinal study

50
Q

one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

crystallized intelligence

51
Q

one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease in late adulthood

A

fluid intelligence

52
Q

culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, & retirement

A

social clock

53
Q

feeling that one’s life has been meaningful and worthwhile

A

integrity

AP Psych (24 decks)

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