Chapter 11 Key Terms Flashcards
viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing
reifaction
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
Factor analysis
clusters of related items
factors
intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
General intelligence (g)
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Savant Syndrome
A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
Spearman’s general intelligence (g) theory
Intelligence broken down into 7 factors: Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
Thurstone’s primary mental abilities theory
Our abilities are best classified into 8 independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts
Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory
Our intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict our real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer
Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence
demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
Creative intelligence
often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill defined, with multiple solutions
Practical intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Social intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Emotional intelligence
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
creativity
well-developed base of knowledge
expertise
ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections
imaginative thinking skills
tolerates ambiguity and risk, perseveres in overcoming obstacles, and seeks new experiences rather than following the pack
A venturesome personality
motivated by interest, enjoyment, satisfaction, and challenge of the work
Intrinsic motivation
sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas
A creative environment
a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Intelligence test
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Mental age
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test
Stanford-Binet
defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance (ex: SAT)
Aptitude test
the capacity to learn
aptitude
a test designed to assess and reflect on what a person has learned
Achievement test
most widely used intelligence test; contains 11 verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group
standardization
the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Normal curve (normal distribution)
intelligence test performance has been improving in the 20th century
Flynn effect
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
reliability
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)
Content validity
the behavior (such as future college grades that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
criterion
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
Predictive validity (criterion-related validity)
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
Mental retardation
a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
Down syndrome
the extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes
heritabilty
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Stereotype threat
