Chapter 11 Key Terms

Question 1

viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing

Answer 1

reifaction

Question 2

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 2

Intelligence

Question 3

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score

Answer 3

Factor analysis

Question 4

clusters of related items

Answer 4

factors

Question 5

intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Answer 5

General intelligence (g)

Question 6

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Answer 6

Savant Syndrome

Question 7

A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas

Answer 7

Spearman’s general intelligence (g) theory

Question 8

Intelligence broken down into 7 factors: Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory

Answer 8

Thurstone’s primary mental abilities theory

Question 9

Our abilities are best classified into 8 independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

Answer 9

Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory

Question 10

Our intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict our real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical

Answer 10

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

Question 11

assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer

Answer 11

Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence

Question 12

demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

Answer 12

Creative intelligence

Question 13

often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill defined, with multiple solutions

Answer 13

Practical intelligence

Question 14

the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully

Answer 14

Social intelligence

Question 15

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Answer 15

Emotional intelligence

Question 16

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 16

creativity

Question 17

well-developed base of knowledge

Answer 17

expertise

Question 18

ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections

Answer 18

imaginative thinking skills

Question 19

tolerates ambiguity and risk, perseveres in overcoming obstacles, and seeks new experiences rather than following the pack

Answer 19

A venturesome personality

Question 20

motivated by interest, enjoyment, satisfaction, and challenge of the work

Answer 20

Intrinsic motivation

Question 21

sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas

Answer 21

A creative environment

Question 22

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Answer 22

Intelligence test

Question 23

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Answer 23

Mental age

Question 24

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test

Answer 24

Stanford-Binet

Question 25

defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Answer 25

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 26

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance (ex: SAT)

Answer 26

Aptitude test

Question 27

the capacity to learn

Answer 27

aptitude

Question 28

a test designed to assess and reflect on what a person has learned

Answer 28

Achievement test

Question 29

most widely used intelligence test; contains 11 verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

Answer 29

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 30

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group

Answer 30

standardization

Question 31

the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Answer 31

Normal curve (normal distribution)

Question 32

intelligence test performance has been improving in the 20th century

Answer 32

Flynn effect

Question 33

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Answer 33

reliability

Question 34

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 34

validity

Question 35

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)

Answer 35

Content validity

Question 36

the behavior (such as future college grades that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict

Answer 36

criterion

Question 37

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

Answer 37

Predictive validity (criterion-related validity)

Question 38

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Answer 38

Mental retardation

Question 39

a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

Answer 39

Down syndrome

Question 40

the extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes

Answer 40

heritabilty

Question 41

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Answer 41

Stereotype threat