Chapter 7 Key Terms Flashcards
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
consciousness
our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing
conscious “high” track
our minds perform automatic actions, often w/o being aware of them
unconscious “low” track
info about yourself and environment of which you are currently aware
conscious level
body processes controlled by your mind that we are not aware of
non-conscious level
info about yourself and environment that you’re not currently thinking about, but could be
preconscious level
info that we are not consciously aware of, but we know must exist due to behavior
subconscious level
houses events/feelings unacceptable to the conscious mind and are repressed, yet still influence behavior or make its presence known in dreams
unconscious level
periodic physiological fluctuations
biological rhythms
experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods
annual cycles
depressed mood during winter dark months (especially far north)
seasonal affective disorder
fluctuating moods during female menstrual cycle
28-day cycles
varying alertness, body temperatures, and growth hormone secretion
24-hour cycles
moving through various stages of sleep
90-minute cycles
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (ex: temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
circadian rhythm
pair of pinhead-sized 20000 cell clusters controlling circadian clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; AKA paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
alpha waves
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
sleep
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hallucinations
sensation of falling where your body will suddenly jerk, or floating
hypnagogic sensations
bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity
sleep spindles
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
delta waves
impotence; having morning erections
erectile dysfunction
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
night terrors
Stage 4 sleep disorders most prone to children
sleepwalking and sleeptalking
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping person’s mind
dream
sufficiently aware during a dream to wonder whether you are dreaming
lucid dreams
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
manifest content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); believed it functions as a safety valve
latent content
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
REM rebound
Explanation: provides a psychic safety valve- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content
Freud’s Wish fulfillment theory
Explanation: Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Information processing theory
Explanation: Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
physiological function theory
Explanation: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
activation-synthesis theory
Explanation: Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding
Cognitive theory
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
hypnosis
suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
posthypnotic suggestion
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
dissociation
hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
divided-consciousness theory
subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor
social-influence theory
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
psychoactive drugs
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
tolerance
the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the drug effect
neuroadaptation
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
withdrawal
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
physical dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
psychological dependence
compulsive drug craving and use
addiction
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
depressants
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
barbiturates (tranquilizer)
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
amphetamines
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
synthetic stimulant & mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria & social intimacy, but with short-term health risks & longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons & to mood and cognition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
psychedelic (”mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
hallucinogens
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
LSD
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
addictive chemicals commandeer and boost its activity
dopamine reward circuit
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
dualism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
monism
