Chapter 7 Key Terms

Question 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing

Answer 2

conscious “high” track

Question 3

our minds perform automatic actions, often w/o being aware of them

Answer 3

unconscious “low” track

Question 4

info about yourself and environment of which you are currently aware

Answer 4

conscious level

Question 5

body processes controlled by your mind that we are not aware of

Answer 5

non-conscious level

Question 6

info about yourself and environment that you’re not currently thinking about, but could be

Answer 6

preconscious level

Question 7

info that we are not consciously aware of, but we know must exist due to behavior

Answer 7

subconscious level

Question 8

houses events/feelings unacceptable to the conscious mind and are repressed, yet still influence behavior or make its presence known in dreams

Answer 8

unconscious level

Question 9

periodic physiological fluctuations

Answer 9

biological rhythms

Question 10

experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods

Answer 10

annual cycles

Question 11

depressed mood during winter dark months (especially far north)

Answer 11

seasonal affective disorder

Question 12

fluctuating moods during female menstrual cycle

Answer 12

28-day cycles

Question 13

varying alertness, body temperatures, and growth hormone secretion

Answer 13

24-hour cycles

Question 14

moving through various stages of sleep

Answer 14

90-minute cycles

Question 15

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (ex: temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Answer 15

circadian rhythm

Question 16

pair of pinhead-sized 20000 cell clusters controlling circadian clock

Answer 16

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 17

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; AKA paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Answer 17

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Question 18

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Answer 18

alpha waves

Question 19

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Answer 19

sleep

Question 20

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Answer 20

hallucinations

Question 21

sensation of falling where your body will suddenly jerk, or floating

Answer 21

hypnagogic sensations

Question 22

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity

Answer 22

sleep spindles

Question 23

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Answer 23

delta waves

Question 24

impotence; having morning erections

Answer 24

erectile dysfunction

Question 25

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Answer 25

insomnia

Question 26

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Answer 26

narcolepsy

Question 27

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Answer 27

sleep apnea

Question 28

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Answer 28

night terrors

Question 29

Stage 4 sleep disorders most prone to children

Answer 29

sleepwalking and sleeptalking

Question 30

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping person’s mind

Answer 30

dream

Question 31

sufficiently aware during a dream to wonder whether you are dreaming

Answer 31

lucid dreams

Question 32

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

Answer 32

manifest content

Question 33

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); believed it functions as a safety valve

Answer 33

latent content

Question 34

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Answer 34

REM rebound

Question 35

Explanation: provides a psychic safety valve- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content

Answer 35

Freud's Wish fulfillment theory

Question 36

Explanation: Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Answer 36

Information processing theory

Question 37

Explanation: Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Answer 37

physiological function theory

Question 38

Explanation: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Answer 38

activation-synthesis theory

Question 39

Explanation: Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding

Answer 39

Cognitive theory

Question 40

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Answer 40

hypnosis

Question 41

suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Answer 41

posthypnotic suggestion

Question 42

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Answer 42

dissociation

Question 43

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness

Answer 43

divided-consciousness theory

Question 44

subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor

Answer 44

social-influence theory

Question 45

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Answer 45

psychoactive drugs

Question 46

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Answer 46

tolerance

Question 47

the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the drug effect

Answer 47

neuroadaptation

Question 48

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Answer 48

withdrawal

Question 49

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Answer 49

physical dependence

Question 50

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Answer 50

psychological dependence

Question 51

compulsive drug craving and use

Answer 51

addiction

Question 52

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 52

depressants

Question 53

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Answer 53

barbiturates (tranquilizer)

Question 54

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 54

opiates

Question 55

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Answer 55

stimulants

Question 56

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Answer 56

amphetamines

Question 57

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Answer 57

methamphetamine

Question 58

synthetic stimulant & mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria & social intimacy, but with short-term health risks & longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons & to mood and cognition

Answer 58

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 59

psychedelic (”mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Answer 59

hallucinogens

Question 60

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Answer 60

LSD

Question 61

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Answer 61

THC

Question 62

addictive chemicals commandeer and boost its activity

Answer 62

dopamine reward circuit

Question 63

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Answer 63

near-death experience

Question 64

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Answer 64

dualism

Question 65

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

Answer 65

monism