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AP Psych > Chapter 7 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

consciousness

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2
Q

our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing

A

conscious “high” track

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3
Q

our minds perform automatic actions, often w/o being aware of them

A

unconscious “low” track

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4
Q

info about yourself and environment of which you are currently aware

A

conscious level

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5
Q

body processes controlled by your mind that we are not aware of

A

non-conscious level

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6
Q

info about yourself and environment that you’re not currently thinking about, but could be

A

preconscious level

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7
Q

info that we are not consciously aware of, but we know must exist due to behavior

A

subconscious level

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8
Q

houses events/feelings unacceptable to the conscious mind and are repressed, yet still influence behavior or make its presence known in dreams

A

unconscious level

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9
Q

periodic physiological fluctuations

A

biological rhythms

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10
Q

experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods

A

annual cycles

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11
Q

depressed mood during winter dark months (especially far north)

A

seasonal affective disorder

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12
Q

fluctuating moods during female menstrual cycle

A

28-day cycles

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13
Q

varying alertness, body temperatures, and growth hormone secretion

A

24-hour cycles

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14
Q

moving through various stages of sleep

A

90-minute cycles

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15
Q

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (ex: temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

circadian rhythm

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16
Q

pair of pinhead-sized 20000 cell clusters controlling circadian clock

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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17
Q

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; AKA paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

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18
Q

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

alpha waves

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19
Q

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

sleep

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20
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

hallucinations

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21
Q

sensation of falling where your body will suddenly jerk, or floating

A

hypnagogic sensations

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22
Q

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity

A

sleep spindles

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23
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

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24
Q

impotence; having morning erections

A

erectile dysfunction

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25
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

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26
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

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27
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

28
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

A

night terrors

29
Q

Stage 4 sleep disorders most prone to children

A

sleepwalking and sleeptalking

30
Q

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping person’s mind

A

dream

31
Q

sufficiently aware during a dream to wonder whether you are dreaming

A

lucid dreams

32
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

A

manifest content

33
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); believed it functions as a safety valve

A

latent content

34
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

A

REM rebound

35
Q

Explanation: provides a psychic safety valve- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content

A

Freud’s Wish fulfillment theory

36
Q

Explanation: Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

A

Information processing theory

37
Q

Explanation: Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

A

physiological function theory

38
Q

Explanation: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

A

activation-synthesis theory

39
Q

Explanation: Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding

A

Cognitive theory

40
Q

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

A

hypnosis

41
Q

suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

A

posthypnotic suggestion

42
Q

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

A

dissociation

43
Q

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness

A

divided-consciousness theory

44
Q

subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor

A

social-influence theory

45
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A

psychoactive drugs

46
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

A

tolerance

47
Q

the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the drug effect

A

neuroadaptation

48
Q

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

A

withdrawal

49
Q

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

A

physical dependence

50
Q

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

A

psychological dependence

51
Q

compulsive drug craving and use

A

addiction

52
Q

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

53
Q

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

A

barbiturates (tranquilizer)

54
Q

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

opiates

55
Q

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

stimulants

56
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

A

amphetamines

57
Q

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

A

methamphetamine

58
Q

synthetic stimulant & mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria & social intimacy, but with short-term health risks & longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons & to mood and cognition

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

59
Q

psychedelic (”mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

hallucinogens

60
Q

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

A

LSD

61
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

A

THC

62
Q

addictive chemicals commandeer and boost its activity

A

dopamine reward circuit

63
Q

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

A

near-death experience

64
Q

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

A

dualism

65
Q

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

A

monism

AP Psych (24 decks)

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