Chapter 10

Question 1

__ psychologists study how we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements

Answer 1

Cognitive

Question 2

To simplify things further, we organize concepts into category __

Answer 2

hierarchies

Question 3

We form some concepts by __

Answer 3

definition

Question 4

Matching new items to the prototypes provides a quick and easy method for including items in a __

Answer 4

category

Question 5

The more closely something matches our __ of a concept, the more readily we recognize it as an example of the concept

Answer 5

prototype

Question 6

Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics

Answer 6

algorithm

Question 7

Two cognitive tendencies - __ and __ - often lead us astray

Answer 7

confirmation bias and fixation

Question 8

Our __ __ based on what worked in the past precludes our finding a new solution to a new problem

Answer 8

mental set

Question 9

We seldom take the time and effort to reason __; we just follow our __

Answer 9

systematically; intuition

Question 10

To judge the likelihood of something, we intuitively compare it with our __ __ of that category; if the two match, the fact usually __ other consideration (stats or logic)

Answer 10

mental representation; overrides

Question 11

Cognitively available events are more likely to __ - but not always

Answer 11

recur

Question 12

An event’s availability to our memory need not indicate its __ in reality

Answer 12

likelihood

Question 13

Warning people against __ doesn’t much reduce it

Answer 13

overconfidence

Question 14

The wisdom to know when we know a thing and when we do not is born of __

Answer 14

experience

Question 15

four influences on our intuitions about risk

1) We fear what our __ __ has prepared us to fear
2) We fear what we cannot __
3) We fear what is __
4) We fear what is most readily available in __

Answer 15

ancestral history
control
immediate
memory

Question 16

Vivid events also distort our comprehension of __ and probable __

Answer 16

risks; outcomes

Question 17

Dramatic __ capture our attention; probabilities we hardly __

Answer 17

outcomes; grasp

Question 18

Our judgements and decisions may not be well __, and those who understand the power of __ can use it to influence important decisions

Answer 18

reasoned; framing

Question 19

We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that run counter to __ __ than of those that agree with __ __

Answer 19

our beliefs; our beliefs

Question 20

Once __ form and gets justified, it takes more compelling __ to change them than it did to create them

Answer 20

beliefs; evidence

Question 21

__ reactions enable us to react quickly and usually adaptively

Answer 21

Intuitive

Question 22

__ __ describes acquired, speedy expertise that feels like instant intuition

Answer 22

Immediate insight

Question 23

__ enables us not only to communicate but to transmit civilization’s accumulated knowledge across generations

Answer 23

Language

Question 24

Language is __ built of simplicity (phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence)

Answer 24

complexity

Question 25

_ __: can read lips and discriminate speech sounds; beginning of the development of babies’ receptive language; babbles many speech sounds

Answer 25

4 months

Question 26

__ language matures before their __ language

Answer 26

Receptive; productive

Question 27

Before nurture molds our speech, nature enables a wide range of possible __

Answer 27

phonemes

Question 28

_ __: phoneme sounds outside the infant’s native tongue begin to disappear; babbling resembles household language

Answer 28

10 months

Question 29

_ __: Language develops rapidly into complete sentences

Answer 29

24+ months

Question 30

Describe how Skinner described language development

Answer 30

Operant Learning with familiar learning principles: association, imitation, and reinforcement

Question 31

What did Chomsky believe in?

Answer 31

An inborn universal grammar

Question 32

Children begin using __ in a predictable order

Answer 32

morphemes

Question 33

Chomsky viewed language will naturally occur, given adequate __; all languages have the same grammatical building blocks (__ __) that underlies all human language

Answer 33

nurture; universal grammar

Question 34

All languages are __ of universal grammar for which our brains are __

Answer 34

dialects; prewired

Question 35

We learn readily the __ of any language we experience, whether spoken or signed

Answer 35

grammar

Question 36

We start speaking mostly in __ rather than __ and __

Answer 36

nouns; verbs and adjectives

Question 37

Chomsky maintains our capacity for developing language is natural and quick b/c we come equipped with a __ __ __ already in place

Answer 37

language acquisition device

Question 38

Chomsky: we are born with the hardware and an operating system for __, and our __ __ write the software

Answer 38

language; linguistic experiences

Question 39

Before 1st birthday, brain discerned __ __ by statistically analyzing which syllables most often go together; babies come with a built-in readiness to learn __ rules

Answer 39

word breaks; grammatical

Question 40

Once the grammar switches are thrown during a child’s developing years, mastering another grammar becomes more __

Answer 40

difficult

Question 41

Before age _, learning language is wide open; after _, it gradually closes

Answer 41

7; 7

Question 42

Late learners show less brain activity in __ __ regions active than native signers

Answer 42

right hemisphere

Question 43

When a young brain doesn't learn language, language-learning capacity never __ __

Answer 43

fully develops

Question 44

Many bilinguals say they have a different __ __ __ depending on the language spoken

Answer 44

sense of self

Question 45

People’s language use seems to shape how people __ of themselves

Answer 45

think

Question 46

You can better recall distinctions between 2 colors when we assign different __ to colors

Answer 46

names

Question 47

To expand language is to expand the ability to __; it pays to increase your __ power

Answer 47

think; word

Question 48

Sometimes you think with __ memory- a mental picture of how you do it

Answer 48

procedural

Question 49

__ __ helps people improve in any activity they do (athletics, piano, academics)

Answer 49

Mental rehearsal

Question 50

Thinking affects our __ which then affects our __

Answer 50

language; thought

Question 51

Animals (especially apes) display remarkable capacities for __; can form __

Answer 51

thinking; concepts

Question 52

What did Kohler find out about animals?

Answer 52

animals have cognition; in his experiment where a chimp used a small stick to get the long stick to reach the fruit the chimp wanted (problem solving shaped by reinforcement)

Question 53

Chimps and orangutans invent __ and pass them on to their peers and offspring

Answer 53

customs

Question 54

__ have capacity for reasoning, self-recognition, empathy, imitation, and understanding another's mind (have mental accomplishments of a _ year old)

Answer 54

Primates; 2

Question 55

__ communicate and comprehend

Answer 55

Animals

Question 56

Gardner taught a __ how to sign, and by age 32, the __ had a vocab of __ signs

Answer 56

chimp; chimp; 181

Question 57

Prohibiting __ disrupts speech that has spatial content

Answer 57

gestures

Question 58

Gesturing lightens the __ load carried by speech; __ entails gestures

Answer 58

cognitive; communication

Question 59

Chimps do not develop __ and do not have our facility for __

Answer 59

language; language

Question 60

__ alone possess language if by language we mean verbal or signed expression of complex grammar; if we mean the ability to communicate through a meaningful sequence of symbols, then __ are indeed capable of language

Answer 60

Humans; apes

Question 61

__ exhibit insight, show family loyalty, communicate with one another, display altruism, transmit cultural patterns across generations, and comprehend the syntax of human speech

Answer 61

Primates