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AP Psych > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

__ psychologists study how we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements

A

Cognitive

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2
Q

To simplify things further, we organize concepts into category __

A

hierarchies

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3
Q

We form some concepts by __

A

definition

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4
Q

Matching new items to the prototypes provides a quick and easy method for including items in a __

A

category

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5
Q

The more closely something matches our __ of a concept, the more readily we recognize it as an example of the concept

A

prototype

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6
Q

Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics

A

algorithm

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7
Q

Two cognitive tendencies - __ and __ - often lead us astray

A

confirmation bias and fixation

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8
Q

Our __ __ based on what worked in the past precludes our finding a new solution to a new problem

A

mental set

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9
Q

We seldom take the time and effort to reason __; we just follow our __

A

systematically; intuition

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10
Q

To judge the likelihood of something, we intuitively compare it with our __ __ of that category; if the two match, the fact usually __ other consideration (stats or logic)

A

mental representation; overrides

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11
Q

Cognitively available events are more likely to __ - but not always

A

recur

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12
Q

An event’s availability to our memory need not indicate its __ in reality

A

likelihood

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13
Q

Warning people against __ doesn’t much reduce it

A

overconfidence

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14
Q

The wisdom to know when we know a thing and when we do not is born of __

A

experience

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15
Q

four influences on our intuitions about risk

1) We fear what our __ __ has prepared us to fear
2) We fear what we cannot __
3) We fear what is __
4) We fear what is most readily available in __

A

ancestral history
control
immediate
memory

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16
Q

Vivid events also distort our comprehension of __ and probable __

A

risks; outcomes

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17
Q

Dramatic __ capture our attention; probabilities we hardly __

A

outcomes; grasp

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18
Q

Our judgements and decisions may not be well __, and those who understand the power of __ can use it to influence important decisions

A

reasoned; framing

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19
Q

We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that run counter to __ __ than of those that agree with __ __

A

our beliefs; our beliefs

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20
Q

Once __ form and gets justified, it takes more compelling __ to change them than it did to create them

A

beliefs; evidence

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21
Q

__ reactions enable us to react quickly and usually adaptively

A

Intuitive

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22
Q

__ __ describes acquired, speedy expertise that feels like instant intuition

A

Immediate insight

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23
Q

__ enables us not only to communicate but to transmit civilization’s accumulated knowledge across generations

A

Language

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24
Q

Language is __ built of simplicity (phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence)

A

complexity

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25
Q

_ __: can read lips and discriminate speech sounds; beginning of the development of babies’ receptive language; babbles many speech sounds

A

4 months

26
Q

__ language matures before their __ language

A

Receptive; productive

27
Q

Before nurture molds our speech, nature enables a wide range of possible __

A

phonemes

28
Q

_ __: phoneme sounds outside the infant’s native tongue begin to disappear; babbling resembles household language

A

10 months

29
Q

_ __: Language develops rapidly into complete sentences

A

24+ months

30
Q

Describe how Skinner described language development

A

Operant Learning with familiar learning principles: association, imitation, and reinforcement

31
Q

What did Chomsky believe in?

A

An inborn universal grammar

32
Q

Children begin using __ in a predictable order

A

morphemes

33
Q

Chomsky viewed language will naturally occur, given adequate __; all languages have the same grammatical building blocks (__ __) that underlies all human language

A

nurture; universal grammar

34
Q

All languages are __ of universal grammar for which our brains are __

A

dialects; prewired

35
Q

We learn readily the __ of any language we experience, whether spoken or signed

A

grammar

36
Q

We start speaking mostly in __ rather than __ and __

A

nouns; verbs and adjectives

37
Q

Chomsky maintains our capacity for developing language is natural and quick b/c we come equipped with a __ __ __ already in place

A

language acquisition device

38
Q

Chomsky: we are born with the hardware and an operating system for __, and our __ __ write the software

A

language; linguistic experiences

39
Q

Before 1st birthday, brain discerned __ __ by statistically analyzing which syllables most often go together; babies come with a built-in readiness to learn __ rules

A

word breaks; grammatical

40
Q

Once the grammar switches are thrown during a child’s developing years, mastering another grammar becomes more __

A

difficult

41
Q

Before age _, learning language is wide open; after _, it gradually closes

A

7; 7

42
Q

Late learners show less brain activity in __ __ regions active than native signers

A

right hemisphere

43
Q

When a young brain doesn’t learn language, language-learning capacity never __ __

A

fully develops

44
Q

Many bilinguals say they have a different __ __ __ depending on the language spoken

A

sense of self

45
Q

People’s language use seems to shape how people __ of themselves

A

think

46
Q

You can better recall distinctions between 2 colors when we assign different __ to colors

A

names

47
Q

To expand language is to expand the ability to __; it pays to increase your __ power

A

think; word

48
Q

Sometimes you think with __ memory- a mental picture of how you do it

A

procedural

49
Q

__ __ helps people improve in any activity they do (athletics, piano, academics)

A

Mental rehearsal

50
Q

Thinking affects our __ which then affects our __

A

language; thought

51
Q

Animals (especially apes) display remarkable capacities for __; can form __

A

thinking; concepts

52
Q

What did Kohler find out about animals?

A

animals have cognition; in his experiment where a chimp used a small stick to get the long stick to reach the fruit the chimp wanted (problem solving shaped by reinforcement)

53
Q

Chimps and orangutans invent __ and pass them on to their peers and offspring

A

customs

54
Q

__ have capacity for reasoning, self-recognition, empathy, imitation, and understanding another’s mind (have mental accomplishments of a _ year old)

A

Primates; 2

55
Q

__ communicate and comprehend

A

Animals

56
Q

Gardner taught a __ how to sign, and by age 32, the __ had a vocab of __ signs

A

chimp; chimp; 181

57
Q

Prohibiting __ disrupts speech that has spatial content

A

gestures

58
Q

Gesturing lightens the __ load carried by speech; __ entails gestures

A

cognitive; communication

59
Q

Chimps do not develop __ and do not have our facility for __

A

language; language

60
Q

__ alone possess language if by language we mean verbal or signed expression of complex grammar; if we mean the ability to communicate through a meaningful sequence of symbols, then __ are indeed capable of language

A

Humans; apes

61
Q

__ exhibit insight, show family loyalty, communicate with one another, display altruism, transmit cultural patterns across generations, and comprehend the syntax of human speech

A

Primates

AP Psych (24 decks)

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