Chapter 8

Question 1

We are not born with a blueprint; much of what we do, we learn from __Humans __: capacity to learn new behavior enabling us to cope w/ changing circumstances

Answer 1

experienceadapt

Question 2

We learn by __; naturally connect events that occur in sequenceSimple animal learn __ association; complex animal learn __ association

Answer 2

associationsimpleresponse-outcome

Question 3

Describe Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

Answer 3

Saw when he put food in dog’s mouth, it would invariably salivate; dog started salivating to stimuli associated with food. Placed dog in harness, attached saliva holding device; paired various neutral stimuli with food in the dog’s mouth; dog associated neutral stimuli with the food (salivating w/ tone and food)

Question 4

Conditioned = __; unconditioned = __;

Answer 4

learnedunlearned

Question 5

5 major conditioning processes

Answer 5

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

Question 6

Time elapsed between presenting neutral and unconditioned stimulus should be __

Answer 6

not long, ½ a second

Question 7

Conditioning rarely occurs when __ follows __

Answer 7

CSUS

Question 8

classical conditioning is __ __

Answer 8

biologically adaptive

Question 9

Classical conditioning helps animals survive and reproduce by responding to different __

Answer 9

cues

Question 10

Without conscious memory, participants form gut-level positive or negative __

Answer 10

attitudes

Question 11

Stimuli similar to a disgusting or appealing thing, by __, will evoke disgust or liking

Answer 11

association

Question 12

Pavlov Underestimated importance of __ __ and __ __ on an organism’s learning capacity

Answer 12

cognitive processes and biological constraints

Question 13

2 significant events occur close in time, animal learns the __ of the second event. More the association = stronger the conditioned response. Animal learns an __: awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur

Answer 13

predictabilitypredictableexpectancy

Question 14

__ prepare animals to learn the associations that enhance its survival. __ enables animals to adapt to their environments

Answer 14

PredispositionsLearning

Question 15

Garcia and Koelling: gave rats water in radiation chambers; when rats grew sick later after tasting water, they avoided its flavor later (violates notion that __ must immediately follow __); sickened rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sights or sounds (contradicts any perceivable stimulus could serve as a __)

Answer 15

US CSCS

Question 16

Conditioned stimuli have a natural __ with the unconditioned stimuli they predict

Answer 16

association

Question 17

Associate CS with a US that follows predictably and immediately: __ often immediately __ effects

Answer 17

causeprecede

Question 18

Who said human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses?

Answer 18

Watson

Question 19

Describe the Albert experiment

Answer 19

made loud noise whenever Albert reached for white rat; Albert cried whenever he saw the rat, and generalization made him fearful of similar objects (but not toys)

Question 20

Psychologists use behavioral techniques to treat __ disorders

Answer 20

emotional

Question 21

If a painful stimulus is sufficiently powerful, a __ __ is sometimes enough to traumatize the animal when it faces the situation again. Can be conditioned to a period of __; __ (CR) was most powerfully associated with particular locations and people (__), but it generalized to other places and people. Over time, conditioned fears mostly have __

Answer 21

single eventfearfearCSextinguished

Question 22

Behaviors followed by __ increase; those followed by __ decrease

Answer 22

reinforcerspunishers

Question 23

Classical conditioning forms associations b/w stimuli, __ & __, & involve respondent behavior

Answer 23

CS & US

Question 24

Operant conditioning involves __ behavior, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli

Answer 24

operant

Question 25

Operant conditioning experiments explore the precise conditions that foster efficient and enduring __

Answer 25

learning

Question 26

By making rewards contingent on desired behaviors, can gradually shape __ behaviors

Answer 26

complex

Question 27

__ __ greatly enhance our ability to influence one another

Answer 27

Secondary reinforcers

Question 28

Lower level animals cannot have a __ delay over 30 seconds b/c will not learn. __ do respond to __ that are greatly delayed

Answer 28

reinforcerHumansreinforcers

Question 29

postpone immediate rewards for greater long term rewards

Answer 29

Delay gratification

Question 30

Small, but immediate consequences are sometimes more __ than delayed consequences

Answer 30

alluring

Question 31

Under these conditions, learning occurs rapidly, but extinction also occurs rapidly

Answer 31

continuous reinforcement

Question 32

Usually by administering an undesirable consequence or withdrawing a desirable one

Answer 32

punishment

Question 33

__ punishment is followed by bad behavior and vice versa. Punished behavior is not forgotten, it is __; Physical punishment may increase __ by demonstrating that __ is a way to cope with problems

Answer 33

Physicalsuppressedaggressivenessaggression

Question 34

Punishment can create __; when punishments are unpredictable and inescapable, people may develop sense that events are __ their control leading to feel helpless and depressed

Answer 34

fearbeyond

Question 35

Punishment suppresses __ behavior, but doesn’t guide one towards __ behavior. __ tells you what not to do; __ tells you what to do

Answer 35

unwanteddesirablePunishmentreinforcement

Question 36

__ __: administer an aversive stimulus__ __: withdraw a desirable stimulus

Answer 36

Positive punishmentNegative punishment

Question 37

__ rewards sometimes carry hidden costs (less likely to do same thing in future)

Answer 37

Unnecessary

Question 38

Person’s interest survives when reward is not used to __/__, but to show job well done

Answer 38

bribe/control

Question 39

An animal’s natural predispositions constrain its capacity for __ conditioningBiological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally __

Answer 39

operantadaptive

Question 40

Insisted external influences shape __ and urged use of operant principles. Administer __ in ways that promote more desirable behavior

Answer 40

behaviorrewards

Question 41

Shape learning in __ steps, provide __ reinforcement for correct responses. Students must be told __ if what they do is right or wrong

Answer 41

smallimmediateimmediately

Question 42

Shape behavior by reinforcing small __ and then gradually increasing the challenge. Trained by this method shows __ improvement in their skill

Answer 42

successesfaster

Question 43

Immediate reinforcement for a job well done is effective in boosting __ when the desired performance is well-defined and achievable

Answer 43

productivity

Question 44

People’s spending behavior is controlled by its __ (its costs and benefits). Give children attention and __ when behaving well (target behavior, reward it). Ignore __; if not reinforced over time, it will diminish. When children misbehave, __ yell at or hit them; explain the misbehavior and give a time-out for a specific time remove them from any reinforcing surroundings

Answer 44

consequencesreinforcerswhiningdon’t

Question 45

When disciplining children do these 4 steps:1) State your __ 2) __ how often you engage in the behavior you wish to promote 3) __ the desired behaviors 4) Reduce the __ gradually

Answer 45

goalMonitorReinforceincentives

Question 46

What are the similarities of both conditioning types?

Answer 46

forms of associative learning; involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination; cognitive processes and biological predispositions influence

Question 47

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 47

Classical: organism associates different stimuli it does not control and responds automaticallyOperant: organism associates its behaviors that act on its environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli with their consequences

Question 48

For higher animals, learning does not need to occur through __ __

Answer 48

direct experience

Question 49

Describe Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

Answer 49

1) Child draws, adult in room plays with tinker toys, adult gets up and for nearly 10 minutes he pounds, kicks, and throws a large inflated bobo doll around the room while yelling remarks like “sock him in the nose, hit him down, kick him”2) After outburst, child is taken to another room full of toys; experimenter interrupts child’s play and explains she saved these good toys for other children3) Frustrated child is taken to adjacent room containing a few toys, including a bobo doll

Question 50

Describe results of Bandura's experiment

Answer 50

Children who observed the aggressive adult were much more likely to lash out at the dollObserving the adult model beating up the doll lowered their inhibitionsChildren imitated the same acts and same words they had observed by the adultReinforcements and punishments determine whether we will imitate a model

Question 51

Lessons learned as children are not easily __, and are visited on future generations. Intergenerational transmission of abuse could be __; with monkeys, its __

Answer 51

unlearnedgeneticenvironmental

Question 52

Observational learning of __ begins early; toddlers who imitate parents have strong internalized __. Models are more effective when their actions and words are __; (may say one thing and do another, which may lead children to imitate this __)

Answer 52

moralityconsciencesconsistenthypocrisy

Question 53

Correlational studies __ link violence viewing with violent behavior. More hours engaged in media violence = more often they get into __ in future. More hours spent watching violent programs = more risk for __ and __. In USA and Canada, homicide rates __ when the TV was introduced and spread. Correlational studies __ prove watching violence causes aggressionViolent programs simply __, rather than affect, violent trends

Answer 53

dofightsaggression and crimedoubleddo notreflect

Question 54

Does viewing cruelty prepare people, when irritated, to react more cruelly? __. Prolonged exposure to violence also __ viewers; become more indifferent to it. Watching cruelty fosters __

Answer 54

Yes to an extentdesensitizesindifference