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AP Psych > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

We are not born with a blueprint; much of what we do, we learn from __Humans __: capacity to learn new behavior enabling us to cope w/ changing circumstances

A

experienceadapt

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2
Q

We learn by __; naturally connect events that occur in sequenceSimple animal learn __ association; complex animal learn __ association

A

associationsimpleresponse-outcome

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3
Q

Describe Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

A

Saw when he put food in dog’s mouth, it would invariably salivate; dog started salivating to stimuli associated with food. Placed dog in harness, attached saliva holding device; paired various neutral stimuli with food in the dog’s mouth; dog associated neutral stimuli with the food (salivating w/ tone and food)

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4
Q

Conditioned = __; unconditioned = __;

A

learnedunlearned

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5
Q

5 major conditioning processes

A

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

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6
Q

Time elapsed between presenting neutral and unconditioned stimulus should be __

A

not long, ½ a second

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7
Q

Conditioning rarely occurs when __ follows __

A

CSUS

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8
Q

classical conditioning is __ __

A

biologically adaptive

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9
Q

Classical conditioning helps animals survive and reproduce by responding to different __

A

cues

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10
Q

Without conscious memory, participants form gut-level positive or negative __

A

attitudes

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11
Q

Stimuli similar to a disgusting or appealing thing, by __, will evoke disgust or liking

A

association

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12
Q

Pavlov Underestimated importance of __ __ and __ __ on an organism’s learning capacity

A

cognitive processes and biological constraints

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13
Q

2 significant events occur close in time, animal learns the __ of the second event. More the association = stronger the conditioned response. Animal learns an __: awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur

A

predictabilitypredictableexpectancy

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14
Q

__ prepare animals to learn the associations that enhance its survival. __ enables animals to adapt to their environments

A

PredispositionsLearning

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15
Q

Garcia and Koelling: gave rats water in radiation chambers; when rats grew sick later after tasting water, they avoided its flavor later (violates notion that __ must immediately follow __); sickened rats developed aversions to tastes but not to sights or sounds (contradicts any perceivable stimulus could serve as a __)

A

US CSCS

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16
Q

Conditioned stimuli have a natural __ with the unconditioned stimuli they predict

A

association

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17
Q

Associate CS with a US that follows predictably and immediately: __ often immediately __ effects

A

causeprecede

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18
Q

Who said human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses?

A

Watson

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19
Q

Describe the Albert experiment

A

made loud noise whenever Albert reached for white rat; Albert cried whenever he saw the rat, and generalization made him fearful of similar objects (but not toys)

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20
Q

Psychologists use behavioral techniques to treat __ disorders

A

emotional

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21
Q

If a painful stimulus is sufficiently powerful, a __ __ is sometimes enough to traumatize the animal when it faces the situation again. Can be conditioned to a period of __; __ (CR) was most powerfully associated with particular locations and people (__), but it generalized to other places and people. Over time, conditioned fears mostly have __

A

single eventfearfearCSextinguished

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22
Q

Behaviors followed by __ increase; those followed by __ decrease

A

reinforcerspunishers

23
Q

Classical conditioning forms associations b/w stimuli, __ & __, & involve respondent behavior

A

CS & US

24
Q

Operant conditioning involves __ behavior, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli

A

operant

25
Q

Operant conditioning experiments explore the precise conditions that foster efficient and enduring __

A

learning

26
Q

By making rewards contingent on desired behaviors, can gradually shape __ behaviors

A

complex

27
Q

__ __ greatly enhance our ability to influence one another

A

Secondary reinforcers

28
Q

Lower level animals cannot have a __ delay over 30 seconds b/c will not learn. __ do respond to __ that are greatly delayed

A

reinforcerHumansreinforcers

29
Q

postpone immediate rewards for greater long term rewards

A

Delay gratification

30
Q

Small, but immediate consequences are sometimes more __ than delayed consequences

A

alluring

31
Q

Under these conditions, learning occurs rapidly, but extinction also occurs rapidly

A

continuous reinforcement

32
Q

Usually by administering an undesirable consequence or withdrawing a desirable one

A

punishment

33
Q

__ punishment is followed by bad behavior and vice versa. Punished behavior is not forgotten, it is __; Physical punishment may increase __ by demonstrating that __ is a way to cope with problems

A

Physicalsuppressedaggressivenessaggression

34
Q

Punishment can create __; when punishments are unpredictable and inescapable, people may develop sense that events are __ their control leading to feel helpless and depressed

A

fearbeyond

35
Q

Punishment suppresses __ behavior, but doesn’t guide one towards __ behavior. __ tells you what not to do; __ tells you what to do

A

unwanteddesirablePunishmentreinforcement

36
Q

__ __: administer an aversive stimulus__ __: withdraw a desirable stimulus

A

Positive punishmentNegative punishment

37
Q

__ rewards sometimes carry hidden costs (less likely to do same thing in future)

A

Unnecessary

38
Q

Person’s interest survives when reward is not used to __/__, but to show job well done

A

bribe/control

39
Q

An animal’s natural predispositions constrain its capacity for __ conditioningBiological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally __

A

operantadaptive

40
Q

Insisted external influences shape __ and urged use of operant principles. Administer __ in ways that promote more desirable behavior

A

behaviorrewards

41
Q

Shape learning in __ steps, provide __ reinforcement for correct responses. Students must be told __ if what they do is right or wrong

A

smallimmediateimmediately

42
Q

Shape behavior by reinforcing small __ and then gradually increasing the challenge. Trained by this method shows __ improvement in their skill

A

successesfaster

43
Q

Immediate reinforcement for a job well done is effective in boosting __ when the desired performance is well-defined and achievable

A

productivity

44
Q

People’s spending behavior is controlled by its __ (its costs and benefits). Give children attention and __ when behaving well (target behavior, reward it). Ignore __; if not reinforced over time, it will diminish. When children misbehave, __ yell at or hit them; explain the misbehavior and give a time-out for a specific time remove them from any reinforcing surroundings

A

consequencesreinforcerswhiningdon’t

45
Q

When disciplining children do these 4 steps:1) State your __ 2) __ how often you engage in the behavior you wish to promote 3) __ the desired behaviors 4) Reduce the __ gradually

A

goalMonitorReinforceincentives

46
Q

What are the similarities of both conditioning types?

A

forms of associative learning; involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination; cognitive processes and biological predispositions influence

47
Q

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical: organism associates different stimuli it does not control and responds automaticallyOperant: organism associates its behaviors that act on its environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli with their consequences

48
Q

For higher animals, learning does not need to occur through __ __

A

direct experience

49
Q

Describe Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

A

1) Child draws, adult in room plays with tinker toys, adult gets up and for nearly 10 minutes he pounds, kicks, and throws a large inflated bobo doll around the room while yelling remarks like “sock him in the nose, hit him down, kick him”2) After outburst, child is taken to another room full of toys; experimenter interrupts child’s play and explains she saved these good toys for other children3) Frustrated child is taken to adjacent room containing a few toys, including a bobo doll

50
Q

Describe results of Bandura’s experiment

A

Children who observed the aggressive adult were much more likely to lash out at the dollObserving the adult model beating up the doll lowered their inhibitionsChildren imitated the same acts and same words they had observed by the adultReinforcements and punishments determine whether we will imitate a model

51
Q

Lessons learned as children are not easily __, and are visited on future generations. Intergenerational transmission of abuse could be __; with monkeys, its __

A

unlearnedgeneticenvironmental

52
Q

Observational learning of __ begins early; toddlers who imitate parents have strong internalized __. Models are more effective when their actions and words are __; (may say one thing and do another, which may lead children to imitate this __)

A

moralityconsciencesconsistenthypocrisy

53
Q

Correlational studies __ link violence viewing with violent behavior. More hours engaged in media violence = more often they get into __ in future. More hours spent watching violent programs = more risk for __ and __. In USA and Canada, homicide rates __ when the TV was introduced and spread. Correlational studies __ prove watching violence causes aggressionViolent programs simply __, rather than affect, violent trends

A

dofightsaggression and crimedoubleddo notreflect

54
Q

Does viewing cruelty prepare people, when irritated, to react more cruelly? __. Prolonged exposure to violence also __ viewers; become more indifferent to it. Watching cruelty fosters __

A

Yes to an extentdesensitizesindifference

AP Psych (24 decks)

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