Chapter 9 Flashcards
In forming ___, you must select, process, store, and retrieve information
memories
Complex thinking: __ lobe active; Working memory: __ and __ lobe active
frontalparietal and temporal
Automatic processing: (incidental information)__: visualize location where certain material appears__: unintentionally note the sequence of the day’s events, and retrace your steps__: effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen
SpaceTimeFrequency
Brains’ __ processing helps processing go on without our need to pay attention to it
parallel
The amount remembered depends on the __ spent learning
time
After we learn material, additional rehearsal (overlearning) __ retention
increases
Information presented in the __ before sleep is well remembered
hour
Restudying material for comprehensive final exams will enhance __ retention
lifelong
Our memory system processes information by __ its significant features
encoding
Process info in three key ways: __ its meaning, its __, and by mentally __ it
encodingimageorganizing
We tend not to remember things exactly as they were; we remember what we __
encoded
Processing a word __ produces better recognition of it at a later time than __
semanticallyvisually
Learning meaningful material required __ of the effort as nonsense material
one-tenth
Information deemed relevant to me is processed more __ and remains more __
deeplyaccessible
Remember __ words lend themselves to imagery more than __, no imagery words
concreteabstract
Memory for concrete nouns is aided by encoding them both __ and __
semantically and visually
Remember info best when we can organize it into __ meaningful arrangements
personally
People develop an expertise in an area, they process info in __ but also in __ composed of few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
chunkshierarchies
We retrieve info efficiently by organizing knowledge in __
hierarchies
Without active processing, __ memories have a limited life
short-term
Short-term memory stores __ or so bits of info
seven
Short-term recall is slightly better for random __ than random __
digitsletters
At any given moment, we can __ process only a very limited amount of information
consciously
Our capacity for storing __ memories is essentially limitless
long-term
Our whole past is in complete detail, just waiting to be relived in the brain’s __
memory
We do not seem to store most information with the __ of a tape recorder
exactness
Given increased activity in a particular pathway, neural interconnections __ or __
form or strengthen
Increased __ efficiency makes for more efficient neural circuits
synaptic
Drugs that block __ interfere with learning; Developing drugs that boost production of the protein __, which can switch genes on and off (genes code production of proteins)
LTPCREB
With repeated neural firing, a nerve cell’s genes produce ___ proteins, enabling long-term memories to form
synapse-strengthening
Develop drugs to boost __, neurotransmitter that enhances synaptic communication
glutamate
Passing an electric current through the brain won’t disrupt __ memories, but will wipe out very __ memories
oldrecent
Stress hormones make more __ available to fuel brain activity
glucose
__ boost activity in the brain’s memory forming areas
Amygdala
__ can sear certain events into the brain, while disrupting memory for neutral events
Arousal
Stronger emotional experiences make for __, more __ memories
strongerreliable
When prolonged, __ can corrode neural connections and shrink the __, that is vital for laying down memories
stresshippocampus
Although incapable of recalling new facts or anything they have done recently, people with amnesia can __.They do all these things with no awareness of having __ them
learnlearned
People with amnesia show __ memory but not __ memory
implicitexplicit
People with __ hippocampus damage have trouble remembering verbal information while those with __ side damage have trouble recalling visual designs and locations
leftright
__ memories remain intact even if people lose their hippocampus to surgery or disease
Older
The longer the hippocampus and its pathway to the cortex are left intact after training, the __ the memory deficit
smaller
The __ acts as a loading dock to register and temporarily store explicit memories
hippocampus
__ memories require fewer connections among cortical storage areas; people can still lay down memories for skills and conditioned associations if __ is damaged
Implicithippocampus
__ plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Cerebellum
We remember more than we can __; __ memory is impressively quick and fast
recallrecognition
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations, each piece of info is __
interconnected
When you encode into memory a target piece of info, you __ it with other bits of info
associate
More retrieval cues you have, __ chance of finding a route to the suspended memory
better
Best retrieval cues come from __ formed at the time we encode a memory
associations
You can recall information better when you are in the same __ you encoded the thought in
context
Past events may arouse specific emotions that later can __ us to recall its associated event
prime
We associate good or bad events with accompanying emotions, which become __ __
retrieval cues
Three sins of forgetting__: inattention to details produces encoding failure__: storage decay over time__: inaccessibility of stored information
Absent-mindednessTransienceBlocking
Three sins of distortion__: confusing the source of information__: the lingering effects of misinformation__: belief-colored recollections
MisattributionSuggestibilityBias
One sin of intrusion __: unwanted memories
Persistence
We cannot remember what we fail to encode b/c the info never enters __ memory
long-term
We encode some info automatically while other info require __ processing
effortful
What we learn, we may quickly __; course of forgetting is initially __, then __ __ w/ time
forgetrapidlevels off
Memories fade because of the __ of other learning that disrupts our retrieval
accumulation
We sometimes __ the info needed to look up a memory and retrieve it
lack
People unknowingly __ their own histories
revise
We infer our past from __ __ plus what we now __
stored infoassume
As memory fades with time following an event, injection of __ becomes easier
misinformation
As we recount an experience, we fill in memory gaps with plausible __ and __
guesses and assumptions
People’s initial interpretations influence their __ memories
perceptual
Memories we derive from experience have more __ than those derived from imagination
detail
We more easily remember the __ than the words themselves
gist
Most confident and consistent eyewitnesses are the most __, but not most __
persuasiveaccurate
To activate retrieval cues, detective first asks witnesses to visualize __; 50% more accurate
scene
If questioned about experiences in neutral words, kids often __ recall what happened
accurately
Memories “recovered” under __ or the influence of __ are especially unreliable
hypnosisdrugs
The most common response to a traumatic experience is not banishment of the experience into the __; such experiences are etched on the mind as __ memories
unconsciousnessvivid
Describe the Atkinson-Shriffrin Model
1) stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory2) some of this info is processed into short-term memory and encoded through rehearsal3) info then moves into long-term memory where it can be retrieved later
