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AP Psych > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

In forming ___, you must select, process, store, and retrieve information

A

memories

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2
Q

Complex thinking: __ lobe active; Working memory: __ and __ lobe active

A

frontalparietal and temporal

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3
Q

Automatic processing: (incidental information)__: visualize location where certain material appears__: unintentionally note the sequence of the day’s events, and retrace your steps__: effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen

A

SpaceTimeFrequency

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4
Q

Brains’ __ processing helps processing go on without our need to pay attention to it

A

parallel

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5
Q

The amount remembered depends on the __ spent learning

A

time

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6
Q

After we learn material, additional rehearsal (overlearning) __ retention

A

increases

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7
Q

Information presented in the __ before sleep is well remembered

A

hour

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8
Q

Restudying material for comprehensive final exams will enhance __ retention

A

lifelong

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9
Q

Our memory system processes information by __ its significant features

A

encoding

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10
Q

Process info in three key ways: __ its meaning, its __, and by mentally __ it

A

encodingimageorganizing

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11
Q

We tend not to remember things exactly as they were; we remember what we __

A

encoded

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12
Q

Processing a word __ produces better recognition of it at a later time than __

A

semanticallyvisually

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13
Q

Learning meaningful material required __ of the effort as nonsense material

A

one-tenth

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14
Q

Information deemed relevant to me is processed more __ and remains more __

A

deeplyaccessible

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15
Q

Remember __ words lend themselves to imagery more than __, no imagery words

A

concreteabstract

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16
Q

Memory for concrete nouns is aided by encoding them both __ and __

A

semantically and visually

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17
Q

Remember info best when we can organize it into __ meaningful arrangements

A

personally

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18
Q

People develop an expertise in an area, they process info in __ but also in __ composed of few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

A

chunkshierarchies

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19
Q

We retrieve info efficiently by organizing knowledge in __

A

hierarchies

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20
Q

Without active processing, __ memories have a limited life

A

short-term

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21
Q

Short-term memory stores __ or so bits of info

A

seven

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22
Q

Short-term recall is slightly better for random __ than random __

A

digitsletters

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23
Q

At any given moment, we can __ process only a very limited amount of information

A

consciously

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24
Q

Our capacity for storing __ memories is essentially limitless

A

long-term

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25
Our whole past is in complete detail, just waiting to be relived in the brain’s __
memory
26
We do not seem to store most information with the __ of a tape recorder
exactness
27
Given increased activity in a particular pathway, neural interconnections __ or __
form or strengthen
28
Increased __ efficiency makes for more efficient neural circuits
synaptic
29
Drugs that block __ interfere with learning; Developing drugs that boost production of the protein __, which can switch genes on and off (genes code production of proteins)
LTPCREB
30
With repeated neural firing, a nerve cell’s genes produce ___ proteins, enabling long-term memories to form
synapse-strengthening
31
Develop drugs to boost __, neurotransmitter that enhances synaptic communication
glutamate
32
Passing an electric current through the brain won’t disrupt __ memories, but will wipe out very __ memories
oldrecent
33
Stress hormones make more __ available to fuel brain activity
glucose
34
__ boost activity in the brain’s memory forming areas
Amygdala
35
__ can sear certain events into the brain, while disrupting memory for neutral events
Arousal
36
Stronger emotional experiences make for __, more __ memories
strongerreliable
37
When prolonged, __ can corrode neural connections and shrink the __, that is vital for laying down memories
stresshippocampus
38
Although incapable of recalling new facts or anything they have done recently, people with amnesia can __.They do all these things with no awareness of having __ them
learnlearned
39
People with amnesia show __ memory but not __ memory
implicitexplicit
40
People with __ hippocampus damage have trouble remembering verbal information while those with __ side damage have trouble recalling visual designs and locations
leftright
41
__ memories remain intact even if people lose their hippocampus to surgery or disease
Older
42
The longer the hippocampus and its pathway to the cortex are left intact after training, the __ the memory deficit
smaller
43
The __ acts as a loading dock to register and temporarily store explicit memories
hippocampus
44
__ memories require fewer connections among cortical storage areas; people can still lay down memories for skills and conditioned associations if __ is damaged
Implicithippocampus
45
__ plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Cerebellum
46
We remember more than we can __; __ memory is impressively quick and fast
recallrecognition
47
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations, each piece of info is __
interconnected
48
When you encode into memory a target piece of info, you __ it with other bits of info
associate
49
More retrieval cues you have, __ chance of finding a route to the suspended memory
better
50
Best retrieval cues come from __ formed at the time we encode a memory
associations
51
You can recall information better when you are in the same __ you encoded the thought in
context
52
Past events may arouse specific emotions that later can __ us to recall its associated event
prime
53
We associate good or bad events with accompanying emotions, which become __ __
retrieval cues
54
Three sins of forgetting__: inattention to details produces encoding failure__: storage decay over time__: inaccessibility of stored information
Absent-mindednessTransienceBlocking
55
Three sins of distortion__: confusing the source of information__: the lingering effects of misinformation__: belief-colored recollections
MisattributionSuggestibilityBias
56
One sin of intrusion __: unwanted memories
Persistence
57
We cannot remember what we fail to encode b/c the info never enters __ memory
long-term
58
We encode some info automatically while other info require __ processing
effortful
59
What we learn, we may quickly __; course of forgetting is initially __, then __ __ w/ time
forgetrapidlevels off
60
Memories fade because of the __ of other learning that disrupts our retrieval
accumulation
61
We sometimes __ the info needed to look up a memory and retrieve it
lack
62
People unknowingly __ their own histories
revise
63
We infer our past from __ __ plus what we now __
stored infoassume
64
As memory fades with time following an event, injection of __ becomes easier
misinformation
65
As we recount an experience, we fill in memory gaps with plausible __ and __
guesses and assumptions
66
People’s initial interpretations influence their __ memories
perceptual
67
Memories we derive from experience have more __ than those derived from imagination
detail
68
We more easily remember the __ than the words themselves
gist
69
Most confident and consistent eyewitnesses are the most __, but not most __
persuasiveaccurate
70
To activate retrieval cues, detective first asks witnesses to visualize __; 50% more accurate
scene
71
If questioned about experiences in neutral words, kids often __ recall what happened
accurately
72
Memories “recovered” under __ or the influence of __ are especially unreliable
hypnosisdrugs
73
The most common response to a traumatic experience is not banishment of the experience into the __; such experiences are etched on the mind as __ memories
unconsciousnessvivid
74
Describe the Atkinson-Shriffrin Model
1) stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory2) some of this info is processed into short-term memory and encoded through rehearsal3) info then moves into long-term memory where it can be retrieved later

AP Psych (24 decks)

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