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AP Psych > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

__ can lead us astray, __ __ similarly err

A

IntuitionCommon sense

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2
Q

Define hindsight bias (aka: I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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3
Q

Describe the scientific attitude

A

Being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible. Show evidence. Requires humility to reveal nature’s truths

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4
Q

People tend to be ___. We are equally __ at predicting our social behavior. We __ our intuition, but __ __ can help sift reality from illusions

A

OverconfidentWrongOverestimateScientific inquiry

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5
Q

Scientific attitude is composed of __ , __ , & __

A

CuriositySkepticismHumility

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6
Q

Define critical thinking

A

Thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments & conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, & assesses conclusions

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7
Q

Define theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors or events (simplifies things, offers useful summary)

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8
Q

Describe the scientific method

A

Make observations, form theories, refine theories with new observations

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9
Q

Define hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. Gives direction to research

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10
Q

Define replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants & circumstances

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11
Q

When we urge to see what we expect, it is __ __

A

Subjective observations

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12
Q

Define operational definition

A

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables

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13
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

Organize & link observed facts & imply hypotheses that offer testable predictions & sometimes, practical applications

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14
Q

What are the 3 research types?

A

Descriptive, correlational, & experimental

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15
Q

Define case study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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16
Q

Define survey

A

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

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17
Q

Case studies suggest __ for further study. Individuals can be __, so we must use other methods

A

HypothesesAtypical

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18
Q

Survey answers depend on a question’s __ & choice of __

A

WordingRespondents

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19
Q

Define false consensus effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs & behaviors

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20
Q

Subtle changes to __ of questions may have large effects

A

Wording

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21
Q

Define population

A

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

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22
Q

For an accurate picture of a population, must use a __ __

A

Representative sample

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23
Q

Define random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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24
Q

Think critically & consider the __ before believing __ __

A

SampleSurvey findings

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25
Q

__ representative samples are better than __ ones

A

LargeSmall

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26
Q

The temptation to __ from a few vivid but __ cases is nearly irresistible

A

GeneralizeUnrepresentative

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27
Q

Define naturalistic observation

A

Observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate & control the situation.

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28
Q

Goodall paved way for later studies of __ thinking, language, & emotion. Whiten & Byrne saw chimps and baboons use __ to achieve their aims

A

AnimalDeception

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29
Q

Naturalistic observations doesn’t __ behavior, it __ it

A

ExplainDescribes

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30
Q

Pace of life is fastest in __ & __ __ & in __ climates. Pace of life is slower in economically __ __ countries

A

Japan & Western EuropeColderLess-developed

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31
Q

Naturalistic observation can also be used with __ __

A

Correlational research

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32
Q

Define correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, & thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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33
Q

Define correlation coefficient

A

Statistical measure of a relationship: reveals how closely 2 things vary together & how well either one predicts the other. Ranges from -1 to +1

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34
Q

Define scatterplot (aka: scatter gram & scatter diagram)

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation

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35
Q

Little scatter indicates __ correlation

A

High

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36
Q

Define positive correlation

A

2 sets of scores tend to rise or fall together

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37
Q

Define negative correlation

A

2 things relate inversely (1 goes up, other goes down)

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38
Q

Positive and negative correlations have nothing to do with the __ or __. Correlation indicates a __ __

A

StrengthWeaknessStatistical relationship

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39
Q

We recall & notice instances that __ our beliefs. Illusory correlations explain ___. We ignore __ information. We __ ourselves by seeing correlation with a __ event when its not there

A

ConfirmSuperstitionsEssentialDeceiveRandom

40
Q

Correlation indicates the possibility of a __ __ relationship, but it doesn’t prove __

A

Cause-effectCausation

41
Q

Define illusory correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists

42
Q

To isolate cause and effect, psychologists statistically __ other factors & remove __

A

ControlDifferences

43
Q

__ __ often don’t look random, & get over interpreted. Some events seem so __, we struggle to come up with an __. With a large enough sample, any __ thing is likely to happen

A

Random sequencesExtraordinaryExplanationOutrageous

44
Q

Define experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).

45
Q

By __ __ of participants, the experimenter aims to control other __ __ and hold constant other factors

A

Random assignmentRelevant factors

46
Q

__ __ infants have higher intelligence scores than __ __ ones

A

Breast fedFormula fed

47
Q

__ show naturally occurring relationships, __ manipulate factors. If a behavior changes when an __ factor is varied, then we know the factor is having an effect

A

CorrelationsExperimentsExperimental

48
Q

Define double-blind procedure

A

Experimental procedure in which both the research participants & the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

49
Q

Double-blind procedure is commonly used in __ __ studies

A

Drug-evaluation

50
Q

Define placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

51
Q

Define control condition

A

Condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition & serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

52
Q

Define experimental condition

A

Condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

53
Q

Define independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

54
Q

Define random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental & control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to different groups

55
Q

Experiments help evaluate __ programs. They aim to manipulate an __ variable, measure the __ variable, & control all other __

A

SocialIndependentDependentVariables

56
Q

Define dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

57
Q

Doubt __, __ numbers; apply statistical principles to __

A

Big, undocumentedReasoning

58
Q

Researchers first task is to organize gathered __. Look at __ labels & __ on bar graphs because they can be misleading

A

DataScaleRanges

59
Q

Define mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

60
Q

Define a measure of central tendency

A

A single score that represents a whole set of scores

61
Q

Define mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores & then dividing by the number of scores

62
Q

Define median

A

The middle score in a distribution; half above & half below

63
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

Mode, mean, & median

64
Q

A __ distribution makes the mean biased by a few __ scores

A

SkewedExtreme

65
Q

Define standard deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

66
Q

Averages from scores with __ variability are more reliable than averages based on scores with __ variability

A

LowHigh

67
Q

Define range

A

The difference between the highest & lowest scores in a distribution

68
Q

Measures of variation better gauge whether scores are __ __ or __

A

Packed togetherDispersed

69
Q

__ samples are better than __ samples. __ __ observations are more reliable than those that are __ __. __ cases are better than __. Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases are __

A

RepresentativeBiasedLess-variableMore-variableMoreFewerUnreliable

70
Q

When averages from 2 samples are reliable, then their difference is likely to be __. When averages are reliable & the difference is large, it’s __ __

A

ReliableStatistically significant

71
Q

Define statistical significance

A

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

72
Q

Statistical significance indicates the __ that a result will happen by __. Doesn’t indicate the __ of the result

A

LikelihoodChanceImportance

73
Q

Experimenters intend labs to be a __ __. Purpose of experiments is not to __ __ exact behaviors, but to test __ __. Resulting principles help explain __ __.

A

Simplified realityRe-createTheoretical principlesMany behaviors

74
Q

Psychologists concerns lie with __ __ that explain many __

A

General principlesBehaviors

75
Q

Define culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next

76
Q

Psychologists study animals to understand how different species __, __, & __. Also to learn about __. Animal experiments lead to treatments for __ __

A

LearnThinkBehavePeopleHuman diseases

77
Q

The same __ __ guide people everywhere. All languages share deep principles of __ even with variations. We are like __ others, __ others, & __ other

A

Underlying processesGrammarAllSomeNo

78
Q

In conversations __ build relationships, __ give info and advice. __ & __ are overwhelmingly similar

A

WomenMenFemales & males

79
Q

Issue: is it right to place well-being of __ above __. What __ should protect the animals?

A

HumansAnimalsSafeguards

80
Q

Describe the animal protection movement

A

Protests use of animal in medical, biological, & psychological research. Advocate naturalistic observation over lab experiments

81
Q

The issue with animal protection movement is compassion for __ vs compassion for __

A

AnimalsPeople

82
Q

What are the guidelines set to protect animals?

A

Mandate ensuring comfort, health, & humane treatment of animals, & of minimizing infection, illness, & pain of animal subjects

83
Q

What are the ethical principles set for experiments with people?

A

Obtain informed consent of potential participants, protect them from harm & discomfort, treat information about individual participants confidentially, & fully explain the research afterward

84
Q

Most psychological research involves no __. Occasionally researchers temporarily use __ to understand violence

A

StressStress

85
Q

Some see psychology as just __ __, others feel it’s becoming __ __

A

Common senseDangerously powerful

86
Q

__ affect what we study, how we study it, & how we interpret results. __ describe & __ evaluate. Psychology can help us __ goals, but cannot __ which goals

A

ValuesLabelsLabelsReachChoose

87
Q

Psychology has the power to __ but its purpose is to __. Psychologists explore ways to __ learning, creativity, & compassion. Psychology speaks to many __ __ & __ __

A

Deceive EnlightenEnhanceWorld problemsDeepest longings

88
Q

Describe post-modernism

A

Questions scientific objectivity. Says scientific concepts are socially constructed fictions

89
Q

Psychologists agree important questions lie beyond science’s __ & beliefs __ __, but they believe there’s a __ __ out there

A

ReachShape perceptionsReal world

90
Q

Jurors in capital punishment cases don’t represent the __ __

A

Greater population

91
Q

1954: decision declaring segregated schools unconstitutional was the first case in which __ __ participated actively

A

Social psychologists

92
Q

Does the __ __ fall under constitution’s ban on cruel & unusual punishment? Court disregards __ __ research on __ & __ of it

A

Death penaltySocial scienceFairnessEffectiveness

93
Q

Stats with a death penalty __ __ __ homicide rates. States without a death penalty haven’t seen __ in homicides

A

Don’t have lowerRises

94
Q

Court persists in belief that the death penalty __ is a __ __

A

UndoubtedlySignificant deterrent

95
Q

Skeptical __ & __ fuel all scientific endeavor

A

ScrutinyHumility

AP Psych (24 decks)

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