Chapter 5 Flashcards by Jenna B

Detecting a signal depends on the signal’s __ and our __ state

strengthpsychological

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More false alarms with heightened __

responsiveness

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Ability to catch a faint signal diminishes after about __ minutes

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Most information processing occurs __, out of sight of our __ mind

automaticallyconscious

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Difference threshold is some constant proportion of the size of the __ __

original stimulus

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Sensory adaptation enables us to focus on __ changes in our environment without being distracted by the __ constant stimulations

informativeuninformative

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We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is __ for us to perceive it

useful

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__ spectrum ranges from short gamma rays to long radio waves

Electromagnetic

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Iris changes size in response to light __ and inner __

intensityemotions

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Millions of receptor cells convert light energy into __ __ in the retina that are sent to the brain and constructed there into an __ image

neural impulsesupright

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In retina, generated neural signals activate __ cells that activate neighboring __ cells

bipolar ganglion

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__ receives and distributes this information from the optic nerve

Thalamus

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__ cells help relay __’s individual message to the visual cortex, preserves precise info, makes __ better at detecting fine detail

Bipolarconescones

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rods share __ cells so individual messages get __

bipolarcombined

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Special sensitivity- __: to detail and color, __: to faint light

conesrods

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retina processes info before routing it via the __ to the brain’s cortex. Retina’s neural layers help to __ and __ the sensory info. Retinal areas relay info to part of the __ lobe; retinal cells can be triggered by __

thalamusencodeanalyzeoccipitalpressure

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For biologically important objects and events, brains have cells that respond to __ stimulus but not to __

oneothers

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Perception combines sensory input with our __ and __

assumptions and expectations

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Damage to the rear of both sides of the brain can cause a person to not detect __

movement

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Two visual systems: one gives us __ perceptions and one guides our __

consciousactions

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About 1 in __ people have vision color deficiency, usually males because it is __ __

50sex-linked

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Color deficient people lack functioning __ or __ sensitive cones, or both

red or green

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Color processing occurs in two stages: 1) retina’s red, blue, green __ respond to different color __ 2) signals are processed by __ __ cell en route to the visual cortex

conesstimuliopponent-process

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We perceive objects not in isolation but in their __ context

environmental

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Hear best w/ frequencies corresponding to __ __

human voices

Hear by both __ and __ conduction; hearing is a special form of __ __

airbonetouch sensation

Ears transform vibrating air into __ __, which the brain decodes as __

nerve impulsessounds

Strength, or amplitude, of sound waves determines the __

loudness

__ waves: low frequency and low pitch, __ color; __ waves: high frequency and high pitch, __ color

LongRedShortBlue

__ __ movement triggers impulses in adjacent nerve fibers, converge to form __ __; send neural messages via the __ to the __ __’s auditory cortex

Hair cell auditory nervethalamustemporal lobe

__ __ are delicate and fragile; interprets loudness from __ of activated hair cellsHard-of-hearing people prefer __ sounds (hard-to-hear sounds more __)

Hair cellsnumbercompressedamplified

Brief exposure to extremely intense sounds or prolonged exposure to intense sounds can damage __ cells and __ nerves

receptorauditory

Ringing of the ears alerts us to possible __ __ (equivalent to bleeding)

hearing loss

Noise is stressful when __ or __

unanticipated or uncontrollable

Brain can determine a sound’s __ by recognizing the place on the membrane from which it receives __ signals

pitchneural

__ theory: sense high pitches, __ theory: sense low pitches

PlaceFrequency

Placement of our ears makes our hearing __ (“three-dimensional”)

stereophonic

When trying to __ a sound, cock your head so the 2 ears receive slightly different messages b/c you’re not well at pinpointing sounds from __, __, __, or __

pinpointabove, below, ahead, or behind

Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness) is Caused mostly by __ changes; tissues remain __ once destroyed

biologicaldead

Hearing aids amplify vibrations for __ (usually high) in which one’s hearing is weakest, and also __ sound (amplifying soft sounds)

frequenciescompressing

__ __ __ is a complete language with its own grammar, syntax, and semantics; those who only learn __ __ __ have a difficult time learning to __ and __

American Sign LanguageAmerican Sign Languageread and write

Those who align with the __ __ show higher self esteem; __ is worth it. Almost universal among deaf people that they want to cause hearing people __ __Deaf people feel __ when they can’t hear a person’s question

Deaf culturecommunicationlittle fussfrustrated

Deafness could be considered as "__ __" as “hearing impairment”

“vision enhancement”

“Sense of touch” is a mix of 4 distinct skin senses: __, __, __, and __

pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

No __ relationship b/w what we feel at a given spot and the nerve ending found there

simple

__ is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation

Brain

__ tells you something is wrong and to change your behavior immediately

Pain

People born w/o the ability to feel pain die by __ __ because they can’t feel injury

early adulthood

Pain is a property of the __, __, and our __

senses, brain, and our expectations

People who lose vision can have __ __: nonthreatening hallucinations

phantom sights

Can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel with our brain, which can sense __ __ senses

w/o functioning

No one type of stimulus that triggers __ and no special receptors for __

painpain

Treating chronic pain (through __, __ or __ ) stimulates “gate closing” activity in the __ neural fibers

massage, acupuncture, or electrical stimulationlarge

People with more __ are less bothered by pain, and brain is __ responsive to it. __ creates pain. People overlook pain __; better to __ __ a painful procedure than to switch it off __; __ milder discomfort

endorphinslessbraindurationtaper downabruptlyextend

Lamaze method of childbirth combines __, __ and __

relaxation, counterstimulation, and distraction

Pain is in the brain, so __ the brain’s attention may bring relief

diverting

Taste sensations are __, __, __, __, and __(meaty taste, flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate)

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (meaty taste, flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate)

__ __ relates to food poisoning from plant and meat toxins for our ancestors. __ is a chemical sense; __ __ catch food chemicals

Picky eatingTastetaste buds

Taste receptors reproduce every _-_ weeks, taste buds __ as you get older. Sense of __ enhances sense of __

1-2 weeksdecreasesmelltaste

Resulting experiences of smell (__): you inhale something of whatever you smell. __ is a chemical sense; olfactory receptor cells respond __ and recognize odors __; receptor proteins are embedded on surface of the __ __ neurons

olfactionSmell selectivelyindividuallynasal cavity

Do not have __ receptors for each detectable __; odors can evoke bad __

distinctodoremotions

Sense of __ declines after early adulthood; __ are harder to describe and recall. odors can provoke __

smellsmellsmemories

__ __ and __ __ contain fluid that moves w/ the head, keeping balance. __ that normally give us an accurate experience of the world can fool us

Semicircular canals & vestibular sacsMechanisms

Brain __ input from the sensory organs

Receives

Brain makes ___ of the input from sensory organs

Sense

Process of sensation can be seen as 3 steps:__, __ and __

ReceptionTransductionTransmission

Stimulation of receptor cells by energy

Reception

Transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses

Transduction

Delivering neural info to the brain to be processed

Transmission

Some __ cells in the eye send signals directly to the __ cortex in response to certain features

GanglionVisual

In and around the visual cortex, __ integrate these feature signals to recognize more __ forms like faces

SupercellsComplex

Corresponds to our perception of timbre. Perceived as __ __ or __

ComplexitySound qualityResonance

Collects sound and funnels it to the eardrum

Outer ear

Waves of fluid move from the oval window over the cochlea's "hair" receptor cells

Inner ear

At high frequencies, signals are generated at different locations in the cochlea, depending on pitch

Place Theory

At low sound frequencies, hair cells send signals at whatever rate the sound is received

Frequency theory

At ultra high frequencies, receptor cells fire in succession, combining signals to reach higher firing rates

Volley principle

To prevent hearing loss, limit exposure to noises over __ decibels

Sensing movement and position of individual body parts relative to each other

Kinesthesis

Ability to sense the position of the hand and body relative to gravity, including sense of balance

Vestibular sense

Describe the process of smell

Airborne chemicals affix themselves to the olfactory membrane that shoot directly to the brain

__ and __ __ have the best sense of smell

womenyoung adults

What are the 4 skin sensations?

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

only skin sensation with identifiable receptors

pressure

theory that the spinal cord blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

gate control theory

"Gate" opened by the activity of pain signals traveling __ __ nerve fibers

upsmall

"Gate" closed by activity in __ fibers or by information __ __ the brain

largecomingfrom