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AP Psych > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Detecting a signal depends on the signal’s __ and our __ state

A

strengthpsychological

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2
Q

More false alarms with heightened __

A

responsiveness

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3
Q

Ability to catch a faint signal diminishes after about __ minutes

A

30

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4
Q

Most information processing occurs __, out of sight of our __ mind

A

automaticallyconscious

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5
Q

Difference threshold is some constant proportion of the size of the __ __

A

original stimulus

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation enables us to focus on __ changes in our environment without being distracted by the __ constant stimulations

A

informativeuninformative

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7
Q

We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is __ for us to perceive it

A

useful

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8
Q

__ spectrum ranges from short gamma rays to long radio waves

A

Electromagnetic

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9
Q

Iris changes size in response to light __ and inner __

A

intensityemotions

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10
Q

Millions of receptor cells convert light energy into __ __ in the retina that are sent to the brain and constructed there into an __ image

A

neural impulsesupright

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11
Q

In retina, generated neural signals activate __ cells that activate neighboring __ cells

A

bipolar ganglion

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12
Q

__ receives and distributes this information from the optic nerve

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

__ cells help relay __’s individual message to the visual cortex, preserves precise info, makes __ better at detecting fine detail

A

Bipolarconescones

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14
Q

rods share __ cells so individual messages get __

A

bipolarcombined

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15
Q

Special sensitivity- __: to detail and color, __: to faint light

A

conesrods

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16
Q

retina processes info before routing it via the __ to the brain’s cortex. Retina’s neural layers help to __ and __ the sensory info. Retinal areas relay info to part of the __ lobe; retinal cells can be triggered by __

A

thalamusencodeanalyzeoccipitalpressure

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17
Q

For biologically important objects and events, brains have cells that respond to __ stimulus but not to __

A

oneothers

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18
Q

Perception combines sensory input with our __ and __

A

assumptions and expectations

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19
Q

Damage to the rear of both sides of the brain can cause a person to not detect __

A

movement

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20
Q

Two visual systems: one gives us __ perceptions and one guides our __

A

consciousactions

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21
Q

About 1 in __ people have vision color deficiency, usually males because it is __ __

A

50sex-linked

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22
Q

Color deficient people lack functioning __ or __ sensitive cones, or both

A

red or green

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23
Q

Color processing occurs in two stages: 1) retina’s red, blue, green __ respond to different color __ 2) signals are processed by __ __ cell en route to the visual cortex

A

conesstimuliopponent-process

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24
Q

We perceive objects not in isolation but in their __ context

A

environmental

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25
Q

Hear best w/ frequencies corresponding to __ __

A

human voices

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26
Q

Hear by both __ and __ conduction; hearing is a special form of __ __

A

airbonetouch sensation

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27
Q

Ears transform vibrating air into __ __, which the brain decodes as __

A

nerve impulsessounds

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28
Q

Strength, or amplitude, of sound waves determines the __

A

loudness

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29
Q

__ waves: low frequency and low pitch, __ color; __ waves: high frequency and high pitch, __ color

A

LongRedShortBlue

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30
Q

__ __ movement triggers impulses in adjacent nerve fibers, converge to form __ __; send neural messages via the __ to the __ __’s auditory cortex

A

Hair cell auditory nervethalamustemporal lobe

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31
Q

__ __ are delicate and fragile; interprets loudness from __ of activated hair cellsHard-of-hearing people prefer __ sounds (hard-to-hear sounds more __)

A

Hair cellsnumbercompressedamplified

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32
Q

Brief exposure to extremely intense sounds or prolonged exposure to intense sounds can damage __ cells and __ nerves

A

receptorauditory

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33
Q

Ringing of the ears alerts us to possible __ __ (equivalent to bleeding)

A

hearing loss

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34
Q

Noise is stressful when __ or __

A

unanticipated or uncontrollable

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35
Q

Brain can determine a sound’s __ by recognizing the place on the membrane from which it receives __ signals

A

pitchneural

36
Q

__ theory: sense high pitches, __ theory: sense low pitches

A

PlaceFrequency

37
Q

Placement of our ears makes our hearing __ (“three-dimensional”)

A

stereophonic

38
Q

When trying to __ a sound, cock your head so the 2 ears receive slightly different messages b/c you’re not well at pinpointing sounds from __, __, __, or __

A

pinpointabove, below, ahead, or behind

39
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness) is Caused mostly by __ changes; tissues remain __ once destroyed

A

biologicaldead

40
Q

Hearing aids amplify vibrations for __ (usually high) in which one’s hearing is weakest, and also __ sound (amplifying soft sounds)

A

frequenciescompressing

41
Q

__ __ __ is a complete language with its own grammar, syntax, and semantics; those who only learn __ __ __ have a difficult time learning to __ and __

A

American Sign LanguageAmerican Sign Languageread and write

42
Q

Those who align with the __ __ show higher self esteem; __ is worth it. Almost universal among deaf people that they want to cause hearing people __ __Deaf people feel __ when they can’t hear a person’s question

A

Deaf culturecommunicationlittle fussfrustrated

43
Q

Deafness could be considered as “__ __” as “hearing impairment”

A

“vision enhancement”

44
Q

“Sense of touch” is a mix of 4 distinct skin senses: __, __, __, and __

A

pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

45
Q

No __ relationship b/w what we feel at a given spot and the nerve ending found there

46
Q

__ is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation

47
Q

__ tells you something is wrong and to change your behavior immediately

48
Q

People born w/o the ability to feel pain die by __ __ because they can’t feel injury

A

early adulthood

49
Q

Pain is a property of the __, __, and our __

A

senses, brain, and our expectations

50
Q

People who lose vision can have __ __: nonthreatening hallucinations

A

phantom sights

51
Q

Can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel with our brain, which can sense __ __ senses

A

w/o functioning

52
Q

No one type of stimulus that triggers __ and no special receptors for __

53
Q

Treating chronic pain (through __, __ or __ ) stimulates “gate closing” activity in the __ neural fibers

A

massage, acupuncture, or electrical stimulationlarge

54
Q

People with more __ are less bothered by pain, and brain is __ responsive to it. __ creates pain. People overlook pain __; better to __ __ a painful procedure than to switch it off __; __ milder discomfort

A

endorphinslessbraindurationtaper downabruptlyextend

55
Q

Lamaze method of childbirth combines __, __ and __

A

relaxation, counterstimulation, and distraction

56
Q

Pain is in the brain, so __ the brain’s attention may bring relief

57
Q

Taste sensations are __, __, __, __, and __(meaty taste, flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate)

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (meaty taste, flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate)

58
Q

__ __ relates to food poisoning from plant and meat toxins for our ancestors. __ is a chemical sense; __ __ catch food chemicals

A

Picky eatingTastetaste buds

59
Q

Taste receptors reproduce every - weeks, taste buds __ as you get older. Sense of __ enhances sense of __

A

1-2 weeksdecreasesmelltaste

60
Q

Resulting experiences of smell (__): you inhale something of whatever you smell. __ is a chemical sense; olfactory receptor cells respond __ and recognize odors __; receptor proteins are embedded on surface of the __ __ neurons

A

olfactionSmell selectivelyindividuallynasal cavity

61
Q

Do not have __ receptors for each detectable __; odors can evoke bad __

A

distinctodoremotions

62
Q

Sense of __ declines after early adulthood; __ are harder to describe and recall. odors can provoke __

A

smellsmellsmemories

63
Q

__ __ and __ __ contain fluid that moves w/ the head, keeping balance. __ that normally give us an accurate experience of the world can fool us

A

Semicircular canals & vestibular sacsMechanisms

64
Q

Brain __ input from the sensory organs

65
Q

Brain makes ___ of the input from sensory organs

66
Q

Process of sensation can be seen as 3 steps:__, __ and __

A

ReceptionTransductionTransmission

67
Q

Stimulation of receptor cells by energy

68
Q

Transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses

A

Transduction

69
Q

Delivering neural info to the brain to be processed

A

Transmission

70
Q

Some __ cells in the eye send signals directly to the __ cortex in response to certain features

A

GanglionVisual

71
Q

In and around the visual cortex, __ integrate these feature signals to recognize more __ forms like faces

A

SupercellsComplex

72
Q

Corresponds to our perception of timbre. Perceived as __ __ or __

A

ComplexitySound qualityResonance

73
Q

Collects sound and funnels it to the eardrum

74
Q

Waves of fluid move from the oval window over the cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells

75
Q

At high frequencies, signals are generated at different locations in the cochlea, depending on pitch

A

Place Theory

76
Q

At low sound frequencies, hair cells send signals at whatever rate the sound is received

A

Frequency theory

77
Q

At ultra high frequencies, receptor cells fire in succession, combining signals to reach higher firing rates

A

Volley principle

78
Q

To prevent hearing loss, limit exposure to noises over __ decibels

79
Q

Sensing movement and position of individual body parts relative to each other

A

Kinesthesis

80
Q

Ability to sense the position of the hand and body relative to gravity, including sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

81
Q

Describe the process of smell

A

Airborne chemicals affix themselves to the olfactory membrane that shoot directly to the brain

82
Q

__ and __ __ have the best sense of smell

A

womenyoung adults

83
Q

What are the 4 skin sensations?

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

84
Q

only skin sensation with identifiable receptors

85
Q

theory that the spinal cord blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

gate control theory

86
Q

“Gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling __ __ nerve fibers

87
Q

“Gate” closed by activity in __ fibers or by information __ __ the brain

A

largecomingfrom

AP Psych (24 decks)

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