Chapter 6 Flashcards
Must detect energy from environment (__) and encode it as neural signals (__); we must also select, organize, and interpret (__) our sensations (__)
bottom-upsensationtop-downperception
__ is divided at the level of conscious awareness
Attention
From an immense array of visual __ before us, we select just a few to __
stimuliprocess
__ reveal the ways we normally organize and interpret our sensations
Illusions
Must perceive objects as distinct from their __, having a meaningful and constant __, and discern their __ and __
surroundingsformdistance and motion
In perception, the __ may exceed the sum of its parts. Perceived __ differs from the sum of its parts
wholewhole
__ and __ are one continuous process progressing upward from specialized __ __ and downward from our __
Sensation and perceptiondetector cellsassumptions
First perceptual task: perceive an object (__) as distinct from its surroundings (__)
figureground
We now organize the __ into meaningful form; process basic features of a __ instantly and automatically (color, movement, light/dark contrast)
figure scene
__ and __ found 6-14 month old infants refused to pass over the dangerous drop off in a visual cliff, showing they could perceive __
Eleanor GibsonRichard Walkdepth
By __ __, infants use gestalt perception principles by looking at novel groupings of objects
3 months
__ __ predisposes our wariness of heights, but __ amplifies it
Biological maturationexperience
Since our eyes are about 2½ inches apart, our retinas receive __ __ images of world
slightly different
3-D movies simulate or exaggerate __ __ by photographing a scene with two cameras placed a few inches apart; 3-D effect mimics normal __ __
retinal disparityretinal disparity
Contribute to illusion that vertical dimensions are longer than identical horizontal dimensions
relative height
Objects beyond __ __ appear to move w/ you; farther away the objects are, __ they will move; brain uses the speed and direction to compare objects’ __ __
fixation pointfasterrelative distances
Normally, brain computes motion based partly on its assumption that __ objects are retreating (not getting smaller) and __ objects are approaching
shrinkingenlarging
We can identify things regardless of the __, __, and __ by which we view them
angle, distance, & illumination
Perceiving an object’s distance gives us cues to its __ and vice versa
size
Cues to objects’ distances at the horizon make the moon behind them seem __ __ than the moon high in the night sky, so the horizon moon seems __
farther awaylarger
Our experiences in __ __ help us construct our perception top down
rectangular contexts
Perceived lightness stays __ given an unchanging context, but it __ with context
constantchanges
When patients cataracts were surgically removed, they could distinguish __ from __ and could sense __, suggesting these aspects of perception are __
figure from groundcolorinnate
Former blind patients could not recognize by sight objects that were familiar by __
touch
Vision is partly an __ sense; there is a __ __ for normal sensory and perceptual development; __ guides, sustains, and maintains the brain’s neural organization
acquiredcritical periodexperience
Humans __ adapt to distorting lenses quickly, even ones that flip the world upside down
can
Once we have formed a __ __ about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truthWe form __ (__) that organize and interpret unfamiliar information
wrong ideaconcepts (schemas)
In young children, the __ has greater importance than the __ in schemas of essential human characteristics
facebody
When shown 3 familiar faces (actual face, caricature that accentuated differences b/w the face and the average face, anticaricature that muted distinctive features), they recognized the __ __ more accurately than the __ ones
caricatured facesactual
The brain can work __ __ __ to allow a later stimulus to determine how we perceive an earlier one; context creates an __ that, top-down, influences our __ as we match our bottom-up signal against it
backward in timeexpectationperception
Skilled directors evoke emotion in an audience by defining a __ in which viewers interpret an actor’s __
contextexpressions
Perception is fed by two streams: __ and __
sensation and cognition
By exploiting “__ __”, simple design changes could reduce some of our frustrations
“natural mapping”
Technology developers have a hard time seeing that what’s __ to them is __ __ to others
clearnot clear
Engineers should design things to __ __ , being mindful of the curse of __, and __ __ their inventions before production and distribution
fit peopleknowledgeuser testing
Psychics __ see into the future and __ predict surprising events
cannotcannot
Vague predictions can later be __ to match events that provide a perceptual set
interpreted
Our __ do not predict the future; with enough time and people the improbable becomes __; some stunning __ are going to occur
dreamsinevitablecoincidences
Experimenters control what the psychic __ and __; a psychic controls what the audience __ and __
sees and hearssees and hears
To believe in ESP, you must believe the brain is capable of perceiving without __ __
sensory input
No person has emerged yet that could demonstrate a single, reproducible __ __
ESP phenomenon
