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AP Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Must detect energy from environment (__) and encode it as neural signals (__); we must also select, organize, and interpret (__) our sensations (__)

A

bottom-upsensationtop-downperception

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2
Q

__ is divided at the level of conscious awareness

A

Attention

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3
Q

From an immense array of visual __ before us, we select just a few to __

A

stimuliprocess

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4
Q

__ reveal the ways we normally organize and interpret our sensations

A

Illusions

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5
Q

Must perceive objects as distinct from their __, having a meaningful and constant __, and discern their __ and __

A

surroundingsformdistance and motion

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6
Q

In perception, the __ may exceed the sum of its parts. Perceived __ differs from the sum of its parts

A

wholewhole

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7
Q

__ and __ are one continuous process progressing upward from specialized __ __ and downward from our __

A

Sensation and perceptiondetector cellsassumptions

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8
Q

First perceptual task: perceive an object (__) as distinct from its surroundings (__)

A

figureground

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9
Q

We now organize the __ into meaningful form; process basic features of a __ instantly and automatically (color, movement, light/dark contrast)

A

figure scene

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10
Q

__ and __ found 6-14 month old infants refused to pass over the dangerous drop off in a visual cliff, showing they could perceive __

A

Eleanor GibsonRichard Walkdepth

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11
Q

By __ __, infants use gestalt perception principles by looking at novel groupings of objects

A

3 months

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12
Q

__ __ predisposes our wariness of heights, but __ amplifies it

A

Biological maturationexperience

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13
Q

Since our eyes are about 2½ inches apart, our retinas receive __ __ images of world

A

slightly different

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14
Q

3-D movies simulate or exaggerate __ __ by photographing a scene with two cameras placed a few inches apart; 3-D effect mimics normal __ __

A

retinal disparityretinal disparity

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15
Q

Contribute to illusion that vertical dimensions are longer than identical horizontal dimensions

A

relative height

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16
Q

Objects beyond __ __ appear to move w/ you; farther away the objects are, __ they will move; brain uses the speed and direction to compare objects’ __ __

A

fixation pointfasterrelative distances

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17
Q

Normally, brain computes motion based partly on its assumption that __ objects are retreating (not getting smaller) and __ objects are approaching

A

shrinkingenlarging

18
Q

We can identify things regardless of the __, __, and __ by which we view them

A

angle, distance, & illumination

19
Q

Perceiving an object’s distance gives us cues to its __ and vice versa

A

size

20
Q

Cues to objects’ distances at the horizon make the moon behind them seem __ __ than the moon high in the night sky, so the horizon moon seems __

A

farther awaylarger

21
Q

Our experiences in __ __ help us construct our perception top down

A

rectangular contexts

22
Q

Perceived lightness stays __ given an unchanging context, but it __ with context

A

constantchanges

23
Q

When patients cataracts were surgically removed, they could distinguish __ from __ and could sense __, suggesting these aspects of perception are __

A

figure from groundcolorinnate

24
Q

Former blind patients could not recognize by sight objects that were familiar by __

A

touch

25
Q

Vision is partly an __ sense; there is a __ __ for normal sensory and perceptual development; __ guides, sustains, and maintains the brain’s neural organization

A

acquiredcritical periodexperience

26
Q

Humans __ adapt to distorting lenses quickly, even ones that flip the world upside down

A

can

27
Q

Once we have formed a __ __ about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truthWe form __ (__) that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

A

wrong ideaconcepts (schemas)

28
Q

In young children, the __ has greater importance than the __ in schemas of essential human characteristics

A

facebody

29
Q

When shown 3 familiar faces (actual face, caricature that accentuated differences b/w the face and the average face, anticaricature that muted distinctive features), they recognized the __ __ more accurately than the __ ones

A

caricatured facesactual

30
Q

The brain can work __ __ __ to allow a later stimulus to determine how we perceive an earlier one; context creates an __ that, top-down, influences our __ as we match our bottom-up signal against it

A

backward in timeexpectationperception

31
Q

Skilled directors evoke emotion in an audience by defining a __ in which viewers interpret an actor’s __

A

contextexpressions

32
Q

Perception is fed by two streams: __ and __

A

sensation and cognition

33
Q

By exploiting “__ __”, simple design changes could reduce some of our frustrations

A

“natural mapping”

34
Q

Technology developers have a hard time seeing that what’s __ to them is __ __ to others

A

clearnot clear

35
Q

Engineers should design things to __ __ , being mindful of the curse of __, and __ __ their inventions before production and distribution

A

fit peopleknowledgeuser testing

36
Q

Psychics __ see into the future and __ predict surprising events

A

cannotcannot

37
Q

Vague predictions can later be __ to match events that provide a perceptual set

A

interpreted

38
Q

Our __ do not predict the future; with enough time and people the improbable becomes __; some stunning __ are going to occur

A

dreamsinevitablecoincidences

39
Q

Experimenters control what the psychic __ and __; a psychic controls what the audience __ and __

A

sees and hearssees and hears

40
Q

To believe in ESP, you must believe the brain is capable of perceiving without __ __

A

sensory input

41
Q

No person has emerged yet that could demonstrate a single, reproducible __ __

A

ESP phenomenon

AP Psych (24 decks)

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