Chapter 6

Question 1

Must detect energy from environment (__) and encode it as neural signals (__); we must also select, organize, and interpret (__) our sensations (__)

Answer 1

bottom-upsensationtop-downperception

Question 2

__ is divided at the level of conscious awareness

Answer 2

Attention

Question 3

From an immense array of visual __ before us, we select just a few to __

Answer 3

stimuliprocess

Question 4

__ reveal the ways we normally organize and interpret our sensations

Answer 4

Illusions

Question 5

Must perceive objects as distinct from their __, having a meaningful and constant __, and discern their __ and __

Answer 5

surroundingsformdistance and motion

Question 6

In perception, the __ may exceed the sum of its parts. Perceived __ differs from the sum of its parts

Answer 6

wholewhole

Question 7

__ and __ are one continuous process progressing upward from specialized __ __ and downward from our __

Answer 7

Sensation and perceptiondetector cellsassumptions

Question 8

First perceptual task: perceive an object (__) as distinct from its surroundings (__)

Answer 8

figureground

Question 9

We now organize the __ into meaningful form; process basic features of a __ instantly and automatically (color, movement, light/dark contrast)

Answer 9

figure scene

Question 10

__ and __ found 6-14 month old infants refused to pass over the dangerous drop off in a visual cliff, showing they could perceive __

Answer 10

Eleanor GibsonRichard Walkdepth

Question 11

By __ __, infants use gestalt perception principles by looking at novel groupings of objects

Answer 11

3 months

Question 12

__ __ predisposes our wariness of heights, but __ amplifies it

Answer 12

Biological maturationexperience

Question 13

Since our eyes are about 2½ inches apart, our retinas receive __ __ images of world

Answer 13

slightly different

Question 14

3-D movies simulate or exaggerate __ __ by photographing a scene with two cameras placed a few inches apart; 3-D effect mimics normal __ __

Answer 14

retinal disparityretinal disparity

Question 15

Contribute to illusion that vertical dimensions are longer than identical horizontal dimensions

Answer 15

relative height

Question 16

Objects beyond __ __ appear to move w/ you; farther away the objects are, __ they will move; brain uses the speed and direction to compare objects’ __ __

Answer 16

fixation pointfasterrelative distances

Question 17

Normally, brain computes motion based partly on its assumption that __ objects are retreating (not getting smaller) and __ objects are approaching

Answer 17

shrinkingenlarging

Question 18

We can identify things regardless of the __, __, and __ by which we view them

Answer 18

angle, distance, & illumination

Question 19

Perceiving an object’s distance gives us cues to its __ and vice versa

Answer 19

size

Question 20

Cues to objects’ distances at the horizon make the moon behind them seem __ __ than the moon high in the night sky, so the horizon moon seems __

Answer 20

farther awaylarger

Question 21

Our experiences in __ __ help us construct our perception top down

Answer 21

rectangular contexts

Question 22

Perceived lightness stays __ given an unchanging context, but it __ with context

Answer 22

constantchanges

Question 23

When patients cataracts were surgically removed, they could distinguish __ from __ and could sense __, suggesting these aspects of perception are __

Answer 23

figure from groundcolorinnate

Question 24

Former blind patients could not recognize by sight objects that were familiar by __

Answer 24

touch

Question 25

Vision is partly an __ sense; there is a __ __ for normal sensory and perceptual development; __ guides, sustains, and maintains the brain’s neural organization

Answer 25

acquiredcritical periodexperience

Question 26

Humans __ adapt to distorting lenses quickly, even ones that flip the world upside down

Answer 26

can

Question 27

Once we have formed a __ __ about reality, we have more difficulty seeing the truthWe form __ (__) that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

Answer 27

wrong ideaconcepts (schemas)

Question 28

In young children, the __ has greater importance than the __ in schemas of essential human characteristics

Answer 28

facebody

Question 29

When shown 3 familiar faces (actual face, caricature that accentuated differences b/w the face and the average face, anticaricature that muted distinctive features), they recognized the __ __ more accurately than the __ ones

Answer 29

caricatured facesactual

Question 30

The brain can work __ __ __ to allow a later stimulus to determine how we perceive an earlier one; context creates an __ that, top-down, influences our __ as we match our bottom-up signal against it

Answer 30

backward in timeexpectationperception

Question 31

Skilled directors evoke emotion in an audience by defining a __ in which viewers interpret an actor’s __

Answer 31

contextexpressions

Question 32

Perception is fed by two streams: __ and __

Answer 32

sensation and cognition

Question 33

By exploiting "__ __", simple design changes could reduce some of our frustrations

Answer 33

“natural mapping”

Question 34

Technology developers have a hard time seeing that what’s __ to them is __ __ to others

Answer 34

clearnot clear

Question 35

Engineers should design things to __ __ , being mindful of the curse of __, and __ __ their inventions before production and distribution

Answer 35

fit peopleknowledgeuser testing

Question 36

Psychics __ see into the future and __ predict surprising events

Answer 36

cannotcannot

Question 37

Vague predictions can later be __ to match events that provide a perceptual set

Answer 37

interpreted

Question 38

Our __ do not predict the future; with enough time and people the improbable becomes __; some stunning __ are going to occur

Answer 38

dreamsinevitablecoincidences

Question 39

Experimenters control what the psychic __ and __; a psychic controls what the audience __ and __

Answer 39

sees and hearssees and hears

Question 40

To believe in ESP, you must believe the brain is capable of perceiving without __ __

Answer 40

sensory input

Question 41

No person has emerged yet that could demonstrate a single, reproducible __ __

Answer 41

ESP phenomenon