Problem 4 Flashcards
By how much does a new-born’s weight multiply during the first year
x3
By what age is the child verbal and able to express itself
2-3 years old
By what age can they… Motor edition
hold their head: 3 months
sit: 6 months
crawl: 9 months
walk: 1 year
run: 18 months
What is object permanence and when does it develop
9-12 months
objects exist even if we don’t see them
When can a child control bladder and rectum
after 18 months
Causes of enuresis
genetic factors
overproduction of urine (decreased production of desmopressin or resistance to the antidiuretic hormone)
Solutions for enuresis
- waking the child up
- bedwetting alarms
- medications: desmopressine acetate, imipramine (antidepressant)
Continence at what age
60% by the age of 3
90% by 6
What could the pathology be if continence is not achieved
cystitis diabetes seizure disorders neurogenic bladder anatomical abnormalities
What are the 3 types of encopresis
retentive encopresis
continuous
discontinuous
What diseases are associated with encopresis
metabolic diseases: hypothyroidism, neurologic disorders (cerebral palsy), anatomical abnormalities of anus
Why is there malnutrition in cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease and cirrhosis and CF related diabetes
What are the 6 classes of CFTR mutations
- no functional CFTR protein
- protein variants improperly processed or translocated
- CFTR not activated
- normal or diminished amounts of CFTR with decreased activity
- decreased amounts of active CFTR
- diminished stability
What is the gold standard diagnosis test for CF
pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat test
chloride concentration is elevated
Newborn screening method for CF
measuring the amount of immunoreactive trypsinogen in the blood
If newborn testing is negative, suspicion arises from 3 symptoms:
- recurrent sinopulmonary infections
- steatorrhee
- failure to thrive
Treatment of CF
- antibiotics for infections
- postural drainage, positive expiratory pressure, exercise for clearance of airway secretions
- azithromycin to improve lung function
- pancreatic enzyme replacement
- fat soluble vitamin replacement ADEK
What is the med that activates class III CFTR
ivacaftor
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause
Primarily in ocular consequences, such as night blindness and conjunctival and corneal xerosis.
Skin involvement, such as follicular hyperkeratosis
What does vitamin D deficiency cause
Vitamin D is integral in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization, as well as immunomodulatory processes.
Vitamin D deficiency results in nutritional rickets, osteopenia, and osteoporosis
What does vitamin E deficiency cause
peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and hemolysis
What does vitamin K deficiency cause
coagulopathy and can contribute to bone disease in CF.
What are the common presenting features of malabsorption in toddlers
diarrhea, abdominal distention, and failure to gain weight, with a fall in growth chart percentiles.
What are the physical findings of malabsorption in toddlers
muscle wasting and the disappearance of the subcutaneous fat, with subsequent loose skinfolds