Problem 4 Flashcards
By how much does a new-born’s weight multiply during the first year
x3
By what age is the child verbal and able to express itself
2-3 years old
By what age can they… Motor edition
hold their head: 3 months
sit: 6 months
crawl: 9 months
walk: 1 year
run: 18 months
What is object permanence and when does it develop
9-12 months
objects exist even if we don’t see them
When can a child control bladder and rectum
after 18 months
Causes of enuresis
genetic factors
overproduction of urine (decreased production of desmopressin or resistance to the antidiuretic hormone)
Solutions for enuresis
- waking the child up
- bedwetting alarms
- medications: desmopressine acetate, imipramine (antidepressant)
Continence at what age
60% by the age of 3
90% by 6
What could the pathology be if continence is not achieved
cystitis diabetes seizure disorders neurogenic bladder anatomical abnormalities
What are the 3 types of encopresis
retentive encopresis
continuous
discontinuous
What diseases are associated with encopresis
metabolic diseases: hypothyroidism, neurologic disorders (cerebral palsy), anatomical abnormalities of anus
Why is there malnutrition in cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease and cirrhosis and CF related diabetes
What are the 6 classes of CFTR mutations
- no functional CFTR protein
- protein variants improperly processed or translocated
- CFTR not activated
- normal or diminished amounts of CFTR with decreased activity
- decreased amounts of active CFTR
- diminished stability
What is the gold standard diagnosis test for CF
pilocarpine iontophoresis sweat test
chloride concentration is elevated
Newborn screening method for CF
measuring the amount of immunoreactive trypsinogen in the blood
If newborn testing is negative, suspicion arises from 3 symptoms:
- recurrent sinopulmonary infections
- steatorrhee
- failure to thrive
Treatment of CF
- antibiotics for infections
- postural drainage, positive expiratory pressure, exercise for clearance of airway secretions
- azithromycin to improve lung function
- pancreatic enzyme replacement
- fat soluble vitamin replacement ADEK
What is the med that activates class III CFTR
ivacaftor
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause
Primarily in ocular consequences, such as night blindness and conjunctival and corneal xerosis.
Skin involvement, such as follicular hyperkeratosis
What does vitamin D deficiency cause
Vitamin D is integral in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization, as well as immunomodulatory processes.
Vitamin D deficiency results in nutritional rickets, osteopenia, and osteoporosis
What does vitamin E deficiency cause
peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and hemolysis
What does vitamin K deficiency cause
coagulopathy and can contribute to bone disease in CF.
What are the common presenting features of malabsorption in toddlers
diarrhea, abdominal distention, and failure to gain weight, with a fall in growth chart percentiles.
What are the physical findings of malabsorption in toddlers
muscle wasting and the disappearance of the subcutaneous fat, with subsequent loose skinfolds
What is the main clinical expression of malabsorption
diarrhea
If celiac disease is suspected, what should we look for
serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) antibody levels
Which test is used to identify which carbohydrate is not being absorbed
breath hydrogen test
What do we measure for protein malabsorption
stool α1-antitrypsin
What is celiac disease
T cell mediated immune-mediated disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestine
anti–TG2 antibodies and the association with other autoimmune diseases (thyroid, liver, diabetes, adrenal).
What are the clinical symptoms of celiac disease
Intestinal symptoms are common in children whose disease is diagnosed within the 1st 2 years of life; failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distention, muscle wasting, anorexia, and irritability are present in most cases. Occasionally there is constipation, rectal prolapse, or intussusception.
As the age at presentation of the disease shifts to later
in childhood, extraintestinal manifestations and associated disorders, without any accompanying digestive symptoms, have increasingly become recognized, affecting almost all organs
What is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease
iron-deficiency anemia, unresponsive to iron therapy.
What are some of the other extraintestinal symptoms of celiac disease
Osteoporosis short stature endocrinopathies arthritis and arthralgia epilepsy with bilateral occipital calcifications, peripheral neuropathies cardiomyopathy chronic lung disease isolated hypertransaminasemia dental enamel hypoplasia aphthous stomatitis alopecia
What are some of the diseases that have a higher incidence for celiac patients
type 1 diabetes autoimmune thyroid disease Addison disease Sjögren syndrome autoimmune cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis primary biliary cirrhosis IgA nephropathy alopecia and dilated cardiomyopathy. selective IgA deficiency Down syndrome Turner syndrome Williams syndrome.
What is the main cause of death for celiac patients
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
What are some of the complications for adult patients with celiac
refractory celiac disease, ulcerative jejunoileitis, or enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.
How to diagnose celiac disease
Serologic tests for IgA anti-TG2
measurement of serum antigliadin antibodies is generally advised for kids younger than 2 years
the 2 requirements mandatory for the diagnosis of celiac disease are the finding of villous atrophy with hyperplasia of the crypts and abnormal surface epithelium, while the patient is eating adequate amounts of gluten, and a full clinical remission after withdrawal of gluten from the diet.
Differential diagnosis of malabsorptive syndromes
- congenital intestinal mucosal defects
- intestinal infections
- immunodeficiency disorders
- enzyme deficiencies
- liver and biliary disorders
Alimentation de la naissance a 4-6 mois
allaitement exclusif
Alimentation des 5 mois
diversification
aliments solides en puree
Alimentation adulte des quel age
3 ans
Combien de repas de lait jusqu’a 6 mois
jusqu’à 1 mois : 5 à 6 repas par jour
jusqu’à 3 mois : 5 repas par jour
jusqu’à 6-7 mois : 4 à 5 repas par jour
Vitamine D pour le nourrisson ?
oui, des 10 jours
4 gouttes par jour
pour 3 ans