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Module 204 Theme 2 > Principles of articulation > Flashcards

Principles of articulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an articulation/joint/arthrosis?

A

a point of contact between:
neighbouring bones
bone and cartilage
bone and teeth

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2
Q

How are different types of joint classified?

A
  • structure
  • function
  • movement
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3
Q

Give some examples of shoulder articulation

A

glenohumeral
sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular

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4
Q

Describe structural classification of a joint

A

Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue.

Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

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5
Q

Describe the functional classification of a joint

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted:
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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6
Q

Describe the structure of fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity

Held together by a fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the function of fibrous joints?

A

Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)

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8
Q

List the 3 types of fibrous joint

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Interosseous membrane
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9
Q

Describe a suture

A

Unite skull bones
Thin layer of dense connective tissue
Irregular
Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (synarthrosis)

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10
Q

hat does ossification of a suture form?

A

synostosis

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11
Q

Give an example of a synostosis

A

left & right sides of frontal bone fuse ~6 years of age

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12
Q

Describe a syndesmosis

A

More connective tissue than seen in a suture
Crosses a greater distance than a suture
Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)

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13
Q

What is the function of a syndesmosis

A

Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

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14
Q

Give some examples of a syndesmosis

A

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Gomphosis

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15
Q

Describe interosseous membranes

A

Sheet of dense connective tissue
Binds adjacent long bones
Amphiarthrosis

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16
Q

Give some examples of interosseous membranes

A

between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg

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17
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)

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18
Q

Give some examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchrondosis

Symphysis

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19
Q

Describe synchrondosis

A

The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage

Synarthrosis

20
Q

Give an example of a synchrondosis

A

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

21
Q

What happens to the epiphysis, metaphysis and epiphyseal plate at skeletal maturity?

A

fuse forming a synostosis

22
Q

Describe a symphysis

A

Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
Amphiarthrosis

23
Q

Where do symphysis occur? Give examples

A

All symphysis occur in the midline of the body:
Junction of the manubrium and sternum
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

24
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
Freely moveable - diarthrosis
Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

25
Q

Describe the articular cartilage

A

Covers the bones at synovial joints
Avascular
Composed of collagen and proteoglycan
Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression & an extremely low resistance surface

26
Q

Describe the articular capsule

A

Encapsulates a synovial joint
Composed of two layers
Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
Flexibility permits movement
Fibres arranged into bundles – high tensile strength
Inner layer termed synovial membrane
areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
occasionally contains structural articular fat pads

27
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A

Secreted by synovial membrane
Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
Lubricates articular surface – reducing friction
Provides some shock-absorbing properties
Supplyies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
Phagocytes remove microbes and debris

28
Q

Describe the accessory ligaments of the synovial joint

A

Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule

- Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane	
- e.g. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee

Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
- e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

29
Q

Describe the accessory articular discs

A

Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g.meniscus of the knee
Called meniscii or articular discs
Help maintain joint stability
Direct the flow of synovial fluid

30
Q

What pathology can happen in the accessory articular discs

A

Meniscal tears - common in athletes

31
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the synovial joint

A

Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
Pain and proprioception

32
Q

Describe the blood supply of the synovial joint

A

Many components of the synovial joint are avascular

Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue

33
Q

What are bursae?

A

Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
Bursae cushion movement between body parts

34
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule

35
Q

List the different types of synovial joint based on movement

A 
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball & Socket
36
Q

Describe planar joints and give examples

A

Surfaces flat or slightly curved
Permit back and forth, and side to side movements
Examples include:
- intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
- intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)

37
Q

Describe hinge joints and give examples

A 
Concave surface of one bone fits the
convex surface of another
Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension)
Examples include:
		- knee joints
		- elbow joints
38
Q

Describe pivot joints and give examples

A

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone
pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
Examples include:
- radioulnar joints
- atlanto-axial joint

39
Q

Describe condyloid joints and give examples

A

Convex oval projection of one bone fit into
the oval depression of the other.
Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
Examples include:
- wrist joint
- metacarpophalangeal joints

40
Q

Describe saddle joints and give examples

A

One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
Modified condyloid joint
Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
Examples include:
- carpometacarpal joint

41
Q

Describe ball and socket joints and give examples

A

Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the
cup-like depression of the other
Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
Examples include:
- shoulder joint
- hip joint

42
Q

Describe the structure of the ball and socket joint

A

Synovial ball and socket joint
Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
Glenoid labrum; a narrow rim of fibrocartilage – deepens glenoid
Stabilised by three ligaments:
glenohumeral
coracohumeral
transverse humeral
Four associated bursae

43
Q

Describe the rotator cuff muscles

A 
Most strength from rotator cuff muscles
		supraspinatus
		infraspinatus
		teres minor
		subscapularis
Join the scapula with the humerus
Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule
44
Q

Describe the acromioclavicular joint

A

Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
Stabilised by three ligaments:
acromioclavicular
coracoacromial
coracolclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)
Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)

45
Q

Describe the sternoclavicular joint

A

Synovial saddle joint
Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib.
Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Although a saddle joint – is capable of triaxial movement – all movement is passive

Module 204 Theme 2 (31 decks)

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