Morphological plan of the lower limb Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the function of the lower limb in bipedal organisms
A
Locomotion
Weight bearing
Stresses
2
Q
Describe the movement of the lower limb during development
A
Medial rotation
3
Q
Where are the extensors in the lower limb?
A
Anterior
4
Q
Where are the flexors in the lower limb?
A
Posterior
5
Q
What is the importance of the flexors and extensors?
A
Good propulsion
6
Q
What happens to the lower limb in weeks 6-8 of development?
A
Brings the posterior compartment anterior
7
Q
Describe the skeleton in the lower limb
A
Pelvis Femur Fibia and tibia Tarsal bones (x7) Metatarsals (x5) Phalanges (x14)
8
Q
Name some important landmarks on the pelvis
A
Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Pubis Ischiopubic ramus Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Greater sciatic foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum
9
Q
Name some ligaments on the pelvis
A
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
10
Q
List the landmarks on the anterior of the femur
A
Head Neck Intertrochanteric line Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle
11
Q
List the landmarks on the posterior of the femur
A
Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Lateral and medial condyles
12
Q
List the landmarks on the fibula
A
Lateral condyle
Lateral malleolus
13
Q
List the landmarks on the tibia
A
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
14
Q
List the bones in the foot
A
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
15
Q
List the limb movements in the lower limb
A
Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Lateral/medial rotation Pronation/supination Circumduction
16
Q
What movement isnt present in the lower limb?
A
Opposition
17
Q
Name the joints in the lower limb
A
Hip joint
Ankle joint
Knee joint
Joints of the foot
18
Q
What movements does the ankle joint facilitate?
A
Dorsiflexion (or extension)
Plantarflexion (or extension)
19
Q
What movements do the joints of the foot facilitate?
A
Eversion, inversion
Supination, pronation
Extension, flexion
20
Q
List the functional compartments of the lower limb
A
Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot
21
Q
Name the 3 major gluteal muscles
A
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
22
Q
What movement does gluteus maximus facilitate?
A
Extensor + lateral rotator
23
Q
What movements does gluteus medius do?
A
Abductor + medial rotator
24
Q
What movements does gluteus minimus facilitate?
A
Abductor + medial rotator
25
What does gluteus maximus also support and how?
Extended knee via the iliotibial tract
26
What are the gluteal muscles important for?
Locomotion
27
Give the origin of gluteus maximus
Ilium
28
Give the insertion of gluteus maximus
Gluteal tuberosity
| Iliotibial tract
29
Which nerve supplies gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
30
Where do gluteus medius and minimus originate?
Ileum
31
Where do gluteus medius and minimus insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur
32
What are gluteus medius and minimis innervated by?
Superior gluteal nerve
33
What are the small muscles of the gluteal region equivalent to?
Rotator cuff
34
What is the function of the small muscles of the gluteal region?
Stabilize the hip
| Lateral rotation of the extended thigh
35
Where do the small muscles of the gluteal region originate?
Sacrum (piriformis) and ischium/ischipubic ramus
36
Where do the small muscles of the gluteal region insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur
37
What are the small muscles of the gluteal region innervated by?
Sacral plexus
38
List the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the thigh
```
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Sartorius
```
39
Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh originate?
Anterior inferior iliac spine and femur
40
Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh insert?
Tibial tuberosity
41
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh innervated by?
Femoral nerve
42
Where does sartorius originate?
Anterior superior iliac spine
43
Where does sartorius insert?
Tibia
44
What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
45
Where do muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh originate?
Ischial tuberosity
46
Where do muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh insert?
Tibia or fibula
47
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh innervated by?
Sciatic nerve
48
What movements do the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh facilitate?
Flex knee
Extend hip
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
49
List the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
```
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
```
50
Where do muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh originate?
Pubis and ischium
51
Where do muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh insert?
Linea aspera
52
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh except pectineus and hamstring part of adductor magnus?
Obturator nerve
53
What two parts form adductor magnus?
Adductor part
| Hamstring part
54
Give the origin and insertion of the adductor part of adductor magnus
Ischiopubic ramus to linea aspera
55
Give the origin and insertion of the hamstring part of adductor magnus
Ischium to adductor tubercle
56
What movements does the medial compartment of the thigh facilitate?
Adduction
Medial rotation
Extension
57
Which muscles facilitate flexion of the thigh?
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)
58
Which muscles facilitate abduction of the thigh?
Gluteus medius
| Gluteus minimus
59
Which muscles facilitate extension of the thigh?
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Hamstrings part of adductor magnus
60
Which muscles facilitate adduction of the thigh?
```
adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor part of adductor magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis
```
61
Which muscles facilitate medial and lateral rotation of the thigh?
Gluteal muscles
Hamstrings
Adductors
Short rotators
62
What nerve roots form the lumbar plexus?
Anterior rami of L1 to L4
63
What nerve roots form the sacral plexus?
Anterior rami of L4 and L5 via lumbosacral trunk
| Anterior rami of S1 to S4
64
Which nerve roots form the femoral nerve?
L2-L4
65
Which nerve roots form the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
66
Which nerve roots form the obturator nerve?
L2-L4
67
Where does the femoral nerve originate?
From lumbar plexus
68
What does the femoral nerve do?
Motor - Anterior compartment of the thigh
| Sensory - skin over anterior thigh, knee, medial side of leg and foot
69
Where does the obturator nerve come from?
Lumbar plexus
70
What does the obturator nerve do?
Motor - Medial compartment of the thigh (except hamstring part of adductor magnus and pectineus)
Sensory - Skin over medial thigh
71
Where does the sciatic nerve come from?
Sacral plexus
72
What does the sacral nerve do?
Motor: Posterior compartment of thigh, and leg and foot
(+hamstring part of adductor magnus)
Sensory: Skin over leg and foot (except medial side)
73
Describe the blood supply of the lower limb
External iliac artery crosses inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery which gives off a profunda femoris artery to the posterior thigh. The femoral artery continues as the popliteal artery which divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
74
What passes through the femoral triangle?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics
75
Where do the lymphatics pass?
Femoral canal
76
What surrounds the femoral artery and vein?
Femoral sheath
77
What is the femoral triangle bordered by?
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus
78
What is the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?
Femoral hernia
Angioplasty
Femoral nerve block
Venepuncture
79
Which muscle overlies the femoral artery?
Adductor magnus
80
Describe the venous drainage of the lower limb
Deep veins follow arteries
Two major superficial veins:
- Great or long saphenous vein
- Small or short saphenous vein
- Drain dorsal venous arch of foot
81
What is the clinical significance of the veins in the legs?
Varicose veins - damage to the valves in perforating veins leads to pooling of blood in superficial veins - varicosities
82
Describe the great saphenous vein
Longest vein in body
Drains medial side of arch
Medial side of limb
Drains into femoral vein in femoral triangle
83
Describe the short saphenous vein
Drains lateral side of arch
Pierces deep politeal fascia
Drains into popliteal vein
84
Name the two lymph nodes in the leg
Superficial inguinal nodes
Deep inguinal nodes
85
What do the superficial inguinal nodes drain?
Drain skin and superficial fascia of lower limb
86
What do the deep inguinal nodes drain?
Beside femoral vein
