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Module 204 Theme 2 > Morphological plan of the lower limb > Flashcards

Morphological plan of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of the lower limb in bipedal organisms

A

Locomotion
Weight bearing
Stresses

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2
Q

Describe the movement of the lower limb during development

A

Medial rotation

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3
Q

Where are the extensors in the lower limb?

A

Anterior

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4
Q

Where are the flexors in the lower limb?

A

Posterior

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5
Q

What is the importance of the flexors and extensors?

A

Good propulsion

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6
Q

What happens to the lower limb in weeks 6-8 of development?

A

Brings the posterior compartment anterior

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7
Q

Describe the skeleton in the lower limb

A 
Pelvis
Femur
Fibia and tibia 
Tarsal bones (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x14)
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8
Q

Name some important landmarks on the pelvis

A 
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Pubis
Ischiopubic ramus 
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity 
Greater sciatic foramen
Greater sciatic notch 
Acetabulum
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9
Q

Name some ligaments on the pelvis

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

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10
Q

List the landmarks on the anterior of the femur

A 
Head
Neck
Intertrochanteric line 
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
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11
Q

List the landmarks on the posterior of the femur

A 
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest 
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity 
Linea aspera
Lateral and medial condyles
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12
Q

List the landmarks on the fibula

A

Lateral condyle

Lateral malleolus

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13
Q

List the landmarks on the tibia

A

Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus

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14
Q

List the bones in the foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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15
Q

List the limb movements in the lower limb

A 
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Lateral/medial rotation
Pronation/supination
Circumduction
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16
Q

What movement isnt present in the lower limb?

A

Opposition

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17
Q

Name the joints in the lower limb

A

Hip joint
Ankle joint
Knee joint
Joints of the foot

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18
Q

What movements does the ankle joint facilitate?

A

Dorsiflexion (or extension)

Plantarflexion (or extension)

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19
Q

What movements do the joints of the foot facilitate?

A

Eversion, inversion
Supination, pronation
Extension, flexion

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20
Q

List the functional compartments of the lower limb

A

Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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21
Q

Name the 3 major gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

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22
Q

What movement does gluteus maximus facilitate?

A

Extensor + lateral rotator

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23
Q

What movements does gluteus medius do?

A

Abductor + medial rotator

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24
Q

What movements does gluteus minimus facilitate?

A

Abductor + medial rotator

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25
Q

What does gluteus maximus also support and how?

A

Extended knee via the iliotibial tract

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26
Q

What are the gluteal muscles important for?

A

Locomotion

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27
Q

Give the origin of gluteus maximus

A

Ilium

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28
Q

Give the insertion of gluteus maximus

A

Gluteal tuberosity

Iliotibial tract

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29
Q

Which nerve supplies gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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30
Q

Where do gluteus medius and minimus originate?

A

Ileum

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31
Q

Where do gluteus medius and minimus insert?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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32
Q

What are gluteus medius and minimis innervated by?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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33
Q

What are the small muscles of the gluteal region equivalent to?

A

Rotator cuff

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34
Q

What is the function of the small muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Stabilize the hip

Lateral rotation of the extended thigh

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35
Q

Where do the small muscles of the gluteal region originate?

A

Sacrum (piriformis) and ischium/ischipubic ramus

36
Q

Where do the small muscles of the gluteal region insert?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

37
Q

What are the small muscles of the gluteal region innervated by?

A

Sacral plexus

38
Q

List the muscles found in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A 
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris 
Vastus lateralis 
Vastus medialis 
Vastus intermedius 
Sartorius
39
Q

Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh originate?

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine and femur

40
Q

Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh insert?

A

Tibial tuberosity

41
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh innervated by?

A

Femoral nerve

42
Q

Where does sartorius originate?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

43
Q

Where does sartorius insert?

A

Tibia

44
Q

What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

45
Q

Where do muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

46
Q

Where do muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh insert?

A

Tibia or fibula

47
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh innervated by?

A

Sciatic nerve

48
Q

What movements do the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh facilitate?

A

Flex knee
Extend hip
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation

49
Q

List the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Pectineus 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis 
Adductor magnus 
Gracilis
50
Q

Where do muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh originate?

A

Pubis and ischium

51
Q

Where do muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh insert?

A

Linea aspera

52
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh except pectineus and hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Obturator nerve

53
Q

What two parts form adductor magnus?

A

Adductor part

Hamstring part

54
Q

Give the origin and insertion of the adductor part of adductor magnus

A

Ischiopubic ramus to linea aspera

55
Q

Give the origin and insertion of the hamstring part of adductor magnus

A

Ischium to adductor tubercle

56
Q

What movements does the medial compartment of the thigh facilitate?

A

Adduction
Medial rotation
Extension

57
Q

Which muscles facilitate flexion of the thigh?

A

Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)

58
Q

Which muscles facilitate abduction of the thigh?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

59
Q

Which muscles facilitate extension of the thigh?

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Hamstrings part of adductor magnus

60
Q

Which muscles facilitate adduction of the thigh?

A 
adductor longus
Adductor brevis 
Adductor part of adductor magnus 
Pectineus 
Gracilis
61
Q

Which muscles facilitate medial and lateral rotation of the thigh?

A

Gluteal muscles
Hamstrings
Adductors
Short rotators

62
Q

What nerve roots form the lumbar plexus?

A

Anterior rami of L1 to L4

63
Q

What nerve roots form the sacral plexus?

A

Anterior rami of L4 and L5 via lumbosacral trunk

Anterior rami of S1 to S4

64
Q

Which nerve roots form the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

65
Q

Which nerve roots form the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

66
Q

Which nerve roots form the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

67
Q

Where does the femoral nerve originate?

A

From lumbar plexus

68
Q

What does the femoral nerve do?

A

Motor - Anterior compartment of the thigh

Sensory - skin over anterior thigh, knee, medial side of leg and foot

69
Q

Where does the obturator nerve come from?

A

Lumbar plexus

70
Q

What does the obturator nerve do?

A

Motor - Medial compartment of the thigh (except hamstring part of adductor magnus and pectineus)
Sensory - Skin over medial thigh

71
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

Sacral plexus

72
Q

What does the sacral nerve do?

A

Motor: Posterior compartment of thigh, and leg and foot
(+hamstring part of adductor magnus)

Sensory: Skin over leg and foot (except medial side)

73
Q

Describe the blood supply of the lower limb

A

External iliac artery crosses inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery which gives off a profunda femoris artery to the posterior thigh. The femoral artery continues as the popliteal artery which divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

74
Q

What passes through the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics

75
Q

Where do the lymphatics pass?

A

Femoral canal

76
Q

What surrounds the femoral artery and vein?

A

Femoral sheath

77
Q

What is the femoral triangle bordered by?

A

Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

78
Q

What is the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral hernia
Angioplasty
Femoral nerve block
Venepuncture

79
Q

Which muscle overlies the femoral artery?

A

Adductor magnus

80
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the lower limb

A

Deep veins follow arteries

Two major superficial veins:

  • Great or long saphenous vein
  • Small or short saphenous vein
    - Drain dorsal venous arch of foot
81
Q

What is the clinical significance of the veins in the legs?

A

Varicose veins - damage to the valves in perforating veins leads to pooling of blood in superficial veins - varicosities

82
Q

Describe the great saphenous vein

A

Longest vein in body

Drains medial side of arch

Medial side of limb

Drains into femoral vein in femoral triangle

83
Q

Describe the short saphenous vein

A

Drains lateral side of arch

Pierces deep politeal fascia

Drains into popliteal vein

84
Q

Name the two lymph nodes in the leg

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

Deep inguinal nodes

85
Q

What do the superficial inguinal nodes drain?

A

Drain skin and superficial fascia of lower limb

86
Q

What do the deep inguinal nodes drain?

A

Beside femoral vein

Module 204 Theme 2 (31 decks)

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