Imaging the upper limb Flashcards
Which is the best imaging modality used to look at bone?
Xray
Which imaging modalities are used to look at soft tissue?
Ultrasound
CT
MRI
Which imaging modality is the best to look at soft tissue?
MRI
When is fluoroscopy used?
To highlight structures such as the glenoid labrum
What is fluoroscopy?
Where a dye is injected into the joint to highliht structures
What shoulder anatomy can be seen on an xray?
ACJ Humeral head Glenoid fossa Scapula Coracoid
What is a CT of the shoulder used for?
Joints
Bones
Muscle
Other soft tissue
What soft tissues are there in the shoulder?
Rotator cuff
Glenoid labrum
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
What muscles constitute the rotator cuff in radiology?
Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus
Biceps tendon
Subscapularis
How is the glenoid labrum imaged?
MRI with dye
What do bulges on the sternoclavicular joint signify?
Osteoarthritis
What can be seen on an X-ray of the elbow?
Radial head
Olecranon
Ulna
Distal humerus
List the flexors of the elbow
Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris
Where is the common flexor origin?
Medial epicondyle
List the extensors of the elbow
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Where is the common extensor origin?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is golfers elbow?
Inflammation of CFO
What is tennis elbow?
Inflammation of CEO
What bones can be seen in the X-ray of the wrist?
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpals
List the carpal bones
Scaphoid Lunate Triquteal/triqeutm Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
What is the clinical significance of the scaphoid
Fracture leads to avascular necrosis
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum
Where does the carpal tunnel attach?
Pisiform and hammate
What does the carpal tunnel contain?
Flexor tendons
Median nerve
What does compression of the carpal tunnel cause?
Carpal tunnel syndrome
What is caused by carpal tunnel syndrome?
Atrophy of the thenar eminence
Weakness of flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis
Sensory loss in digits supplied by median nerve
Which digits does the median nerve supply?
D1- half D4
How is carpal tunnel diagnosed by imaging?
MRI of carpal tunnel - thickening of the flexor retinaculum
What can be seen on X-ray of the hand?
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges - proximal, middle and distal
