Morphological plan of upper limb Flashcards by Adele Atkins

Describe the locomotion of man

Bipedal - free upper limb

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Describe the anatomical evolution of man

Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull

Longer clavicles

Pronation/supination

Opposable thumb

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What caused the upper limb to evolve?

Mechanical interaction with the environment

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Describe the locomotion of most mammals

Quadrapedal - climbing and crawling

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How many bones are in the upper limb?

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How many muscles are in the upper limb?

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Give the name of the main nerve supply in the upper limb

Brachial plexus

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Describe the basic arrangement of the upper limb starting with course muscle groups and ending in fine muscle groups

Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

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How many carpal bones are there?

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How many metacarpals are there?

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How many phalanges are there?

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What is the head of the humerus divided into?

Greater and lesser tubercle

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What is the end of the humerus divided into?

Lateral and medial epicondyle

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What separates the two tubercles of the humerus?

Intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove

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Name the tuberosity on the humerus

Deltoid tuberosity

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Name the parts of the radius

Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process

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Name the parts of the ulna

Olecranon
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna

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Name the structure which lies between the radius and ulna

Interosseous membrane

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Describe the arrangement of the wrist

2 rows of carpal bones (proximal and distal)

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List the limb movements

Flexion/extension

Abduction/Adduction

Lateral/Medial rotation

Pronation/Supination

Circumduction

Opposition

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List some joints in the upper limb

Glenohumeral

Elbow

Wrist (radiocarpal)

Midcarpal

Carpometacarpal

Metacarpophalangeal

Interphalangeal

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What joint forms the opposable thumb?

Saddle joint

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Name the anterior functional compartments

Flexor compartments

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Name the posterior functional compartments

Extensor compartments

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Describe the attachment of the upper limb to the trunk

From thoracic wall Superficial back muscles from vertebral column

Name 3 muscles found at the shoulder joint

Deltoid Rotator cuff muscles Teres major

Name the anterior flexor muscles of the upper arm

Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis

Name the posterior extensor muscles of the upper arm

Triceps brachii

What group of muscles are found in the anterior forearm?

Flexors of wrists and digits

What group of muscles are found in the posterior forearm?

Extensors of wrists and digits

Name the two main muscles in the hand

Thenar muscles (thumb) Hypothenar muscles (little finger)

List the movements of the vertebral column

Flexion/extension Lateral flexion/extension Rotation

Name the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

What is the function of the curvatures of the vertebral column?

Bipedalism Shock absorption Flexibility

Name the primary (fetal) curvatures

Thoracic | Sacral

Name the secondary (childhood) curvatures

Cervical | Lumbar

Give the name of primary curvature pathology

Kyphoses

Give the name of secondary curvature pathology

Lordoses

What is the function of the ligaments in the vertebral column?

Reinforce and stabilize joints | Limit range of movement

Name the ligament of the vertebral column found anterior to body

Anterior longitudinal ligament

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Resists hyperextension

Name the ligaments of the vertebral column found posterior to the body

Posterior longitudinal ligament | Ligamentum flava

What is the function of the posterior vertebral ligaments?

Resists hyperflexion

What is the clinical significance of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Injury to ligament following whiplash

What is the function of the intervertebral joints?

For weight bearing and strength

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

Shock absorbers

What happens to disc thickness down the vertebral column?

Increases

Describe the structure of an intervertebral disc

``` Nucleus pulposus (core-semifluid) Annulus fibrosus (outer-strong) ```

What is the clinical significance of the intervertebral disc?

Disc protrusion/NP herniation can impinge on nerves

What are facet joints?

Joints between vertebral arches

What type of joint are facet joints?

Synovial

What does movement depend on?

Joint angle

Describe the movement of cervical facet joint

Flexion/eating/rotation

Describe the movement of thoracic facet joint

Rotation

Describe the movement of lumbar facet joint

Flexion/extension

What is the clinical implication of facet joints?

Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain

What groups are the muscles of the back divided into?

Extrinsic Intrinsic

What do the extrinsic back muscles do?

Move upper limbs/ribs

What do the intrinsic back muscles do?

Postural/vertebral column

Name the intrinsic back muscles

Deep

Name the extrinsic back muscles

Superficial and intermediate

What are extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles separated by?

Thoracolumbar fascia

What do the superficial muscles do?

Attach upper limb to the trunk

Name 2 superficial back muscles

Trapezius Latissimus dorsi

What is the function of trapezius muscle

Rotates scapula

What is the function of latissimus dorsi?

Adducts/extends/medially rotates the arm

Name the 2 superficial back muscles found behind trapezius

Levator scapulae Rhomboids (major and minor)

What is the function of levator scapulae?

Elevates scapula

What is the function of rhomboids?

Retracts scapula

Name the 3 layers of the deep muscles

Splenius Erector spinae Multifidus

Where is splenius located?

Most superficial in the neck

Which of the layers of the deep muscles is the main layer?

Erector spinae

Where is multifidus located?

Very deep

Name the 3 muscle blocks which make up erector spinae

Spinales Longissimus Iliocostalis

Where is erector spinae located?

Within groove between the spinous processes and angles of the ribs

Where is the origin of the erector spinae?

Erector spinae aponeurosis

Where do the spinales insert?

To spinous process

Where does longissimus insert?

To transverse process

Where does iliocostalis insert?

To ribs

What is the function of erector spinae muscles?

Extend/laterally flex/rotate vertebral column

What is the function of multifidus?

Extend/rotate/stabilize vertebral column

What innervates the extrinsic muscles?

Anterior primary ramus (mainly cervical rami)

What innervates the intrinsic muscles?

Posterior primary ramus