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Module 204 Theme 2 > Morphological plan of upper limb > Flashcards

Morphological plan of upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the locomotion of man

A

Bipedal - free upper limb

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical evolution of man

A

Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull

Longer clavicles

Pronation/supination

Opposable thumb

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3
Q

What caused the upper limb to evolve?

A

Mechanical interaction with the environment

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4
Q

Describe the locomotion of most mammals

A

Quadrapedal - climbing and crawling

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5
Q

How many bones are in the upper limb?

A

32

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6
Q

How many muscles are in the upper limb?

A

57

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7
Q

Give the name of the main nerve supply in the upper limb

A

Brachial plexus

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8
Q

Describe the basic arrangement of the upper limb starting with course muscle groups and ending in fine muscle groups

A 
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
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9
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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10
Q

How many metacarpals are there?

A

5

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11
Q

How many phalanges are there?

A

14

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12
Q

What is the head of the humerus divided into?

A

Greater and lesser tubercle

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13
Q

What is the end of the humerus divided into?

A

Lateral and medial epicondyle

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14
Q

What separates the two tubercles of the humerus?

A

Intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove

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15
Q

Name the tuberosity on the humerus

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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16
Q

Name the parts of the radius

A

Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process

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17
Q

Name the parts of the ulna

A

Olecranon
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna

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18
Q

Name the structure which lies between the radius and ulna

A

Interosseous membrane

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19
Q

Describe the arrangement of the wrist

A

2 rows of carpal bones (proximal and distal)

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20
Q

List the limb movements

A

Flexion/extension

Abduction/Adduction

Lateral/Medial rotation

Pronation/Supination

Circumduction

Opposition

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21
Q

List some joints in the upper limb

A

Glenohumeral

Elbow

Wrist (radiocarpal)

Midcarpal

Carpometacarpal

Metacarpophalangeal

Interphalangeal

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22
Q

What joint forms the opposable thumb?

A

Saddle joint

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23
Q

Name the anterior functional compartments

A

Flexor compartments

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24
Q

Name the posterior functional compartments

A

Extensor compartments

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25
Q

Describe the attachment of the upper limb to the trunk

A

From thoracic wall

Superficial back muscles from vertebral column

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26
Q

Name 3 muscles found at the shoulder joint

A

Deltoid
Rotator cuff muscles
Teres major

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27
Q

Name the anterior flexor muscles of the upper arm

A

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

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28
Q

Name the posterior extensor muscles of the upper arm

A

Triceps brachii

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29
Q

What group of muscles are found in the anterior forearm?

A

Flexors of wrists and digits

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30
Q

What group of muscles are found in the posterior forearm?

A

Extensors of wrists and digits

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31
Q

Name the two main muscles in the hand

A

Thenar muscles (thumb)

Hypothenar muscles (little finger)

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32
Q

List the movements of the vertebral column

A

Flexion/extension

Lateral flexion/extension

Rotation

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33
Q

Name the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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34
Q

What is the function of the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Bipedalism
Shock absorption
Flexibility

35
Q

Name the primary (fetal) curvatures

A

Thoracic

Sacral

36
Q

Name the secondary (childhood) curvatures

A

Cervical

Lumbar

37
Q

Give the name of primary curvature pathology

A

Kyphoses

38
Q

Give the name of secondary curvature pathology

A

Lordoses

39
Q

What is the function of the ligaments in the vertebral column?

A

Reinforce and stabilize joints

Limit range of movement

40
Q

Name the ligament of the vertebral column found anterior to body

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

41
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Resists hyperextension

42
Q

Name the ligaments of the vertebral column found posterior to the body

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flava

43
Q

What is the function of the posterior vertebral ligaments?

A

Resists hyperflexion

44
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Injury to ligament following whiplash

45
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral joints?

A

For weight bearing and strength

46
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

A

Shock absorbers

47
Q

What happens to disc thickness down the vertebral column?

A

Increases

48
Q

Describe the structure of an intervertebral disc

A 
Nucleus pulposus (core-semifluid) 
Annulus fibrosus (outer-strong)
49
Q

What is the clinical significance of the intervertebral disc?

A

Disc protrusion/NP herniation can impinge on nerves

50
Q

What are facet joints?

A

Joints between vertebral arches

51
Q

What type of joint are facet joints?

A

Synovial

52
Q

What does movement depend on?

A

Joint angle

53
Q

Describe the movement of cervical facet joint

A

Flexion/eating/rotation

54
Q

Describe the movement of thoracic facet joint

A

Rotation

55
Q

Describe the movement of lumbar facet joint

A

Flexion/extension

56
Q

What is the clinical implication of facet joints?

A

Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain

57
Q

What groups are the muscles of the back divided into?

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

58
Q

What do the extrinsic back muscles do?

A

Move upper limbs/ribs

59
Q

What do the intrinsic back muscles do?

A

Postural/vertebral column

60
Q

Name the intrinsic back muscles

A

Deep

61
Q

Name the extrinsic back muscles

A

Superficial and intermediate

62
Q

What are extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles separated by?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

63
Q

What do the superficial muscles do?

A

Attach upper limb to the trunk

64
Q

Name 2 superficial back muscles

A

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

65
Q

What is the function of trapezius muscle

A

Rotates scapula

66
Q

What is the function of latissimus dorsi?

A

Adducts/extends/medially rotates the arm

67
Q

Name the 2 superficial back muscles found behind trapezius

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids (major and minor)

68
Q

What is the function of levator scapulae?

A

Elevates scapula

69
Q

What is the function of rhomboids?

A

Retracts scapula

70
Q

Name the 3 layers of the deep muscles

A

Splenius

Erector spinae

Multifidus

71
Q

Where is splenius located?

A

Most superficial in the neck

72
Q

Which of the layers of the deep muscles is the main layer?

A

Erector spinae

73
Q

Where is multifidus located?

A

Very deep

74
Q

Name the 3 muscle blocks which make up erector spinae

A

Spinales

Longissimus

Iliocostalis

75
Q

Where is erector spinae located?

A

Within groove between the spinous processes and angles of the ribs

76
Q

Where is the origin of the erector spinae?

A

Erector spinae aponeurosis

77
Q

Where do the spinales insert?

A

To spinous process

78
Q

Where does longissimus insert?

A

To transverse process

79
Q

Where does iliocostalis insert?

A

To ribs

80
Q

What is the function of erector spinae muscles?

A

Extend/laterally flex/rotate vertebral column

81
Q

What is the function of multifidus?

A

Extend/rotate/stabilize vertebral column

82
Q

What innervates the extrinsic muscles?

A

Anterior primary ramus (mainly cervical rami)

83
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles?

A

Posterior primary ramus

Module 204 Theme 2 (31 decks)

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