power and the people part four Flashcards
1
Q
when was the married women’s property act passed?
A
1870
2
Q
what did the married women’s property act allow women to do?
A
it allowed women to control their own income and property after marriage
3
Q
what did most professions expect women to do after they got married?
A
leave their job
4
Q
what elections could women vote in by 1897?
A
they could vote in local elections and school board elections
5
Q
who was Millicent Fawcett’s husband?
A
the Liberal MP, Henry Fawcett
6
Q
what group did Millicent Fawcett form?
A
the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)
7
Q
what were the NUWSS known as?
A
the suffragists
8
Q
what tactics did the suffragists use?
A
they believed in peaceful methods like meetings, speeches, posters, and letters
9
Q
what class were the suffragists from?
A
the middle class
10
Q
who formed the suffragettes?
A
Emmeline Pankhurst (and her two daughters, Sylvia and Christabel)
11
Q
what group did the Pankhurst women start?
A
the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU)
12
Q
what was the motto of the WSPU?
A
‘deeds not words’
13
Q
when did Emmeline Pankhurst set up the WSPU?
A
1903
14
Q
what group had Emmeline Pankhurst been a member of previous to her forming the WSPU?
A
the Manchester branch of the NUWSS
15
Q
what class were the Pankhursts?
A
middle class
16
Q
who was Emmeline Pankhurst’s husband?
A
Richard Pankhurst, a lawyer who had written the Married Women’s property act
17
Q
what group split off from the WSPU as they were pacifists?
A
the Women’s Freedom League (WFL)
18
Q
what did the WFL campaign for other than the vote for women?
A
they also campaigned for equal pay for women
19
Q
what did the NUWSS want to be seen as?
A
they wanted to be seen as kind and gentle to persuade the men into giving them the vote
20
Q
what did the NUWSS use their political contacts to do?
A
they used their political contacts to lobby MPs. they pledged to support MPs who believed in universal suffrage
21
Q
what were the members of the NUWSS trained to do?
A
they were trained to speak publicly in a persuasive but non-violent way
22
Q
how did some members feel about the suffragists’ actions?
A
they felt they were too easy to ignore
23
Q
what did the NUWSS do in response to the gov not passing an act to give the women the vote in 1912?
A
they started a pilgrimage from Carlisle to London, and thousands of people joined the march in support
24
Q
who did the Suffragettes initially have the support of?
A
the liberal PM, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, who told the women to pester the gov and not show patience
25
what were the tactics of the WSPU?
- heckling the MPs during speeches
- held demonstrations outside the House of Commons
- chained themselves to railings
- started a stone-throwing campaign in 1912 - hundreds of windows were smashed and many suffragettes arrested
- arson attacks and blew up buildings
26
how many suffragettes were arrested as a result of the stone-throwing campaign?
200
27
who ran in front of the king's horse and became the first martyr of the movement?
Emily Wilding Davison
28
what group did Emily Wilding Davison belong to?
the suffragettes
29
did Emily Davison plan to kill herself?
unsure; she might've just been trying to stick a suffragette rosette on the horse, and she had bought herself a ticket home
30
when was the Derby day incident?
4th June 1913
31
where was the Derby Day incident?
Epsom Derby
32
what did many suffragettes do when they were arrested?
they went on hunger strike
33
why couldn't the gov let the suffragettes going on hunger strikes die?
they were middle-class and many had influential husbands or fathers and they didn't want to create martyrs
34
what did the police officers originally do when the suffragettes started going on hunger strike?
they tried to force feed them, but this was dangerous and could lead to disabilities and death
35
what act did the gov pass in response the the hunger strikes?
the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act
36
when was the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act passed?
1913
37
what did the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health) Act become known as?
the 'Cat and Mouse Act'
38
what did the Cat and Mouse act do?
it would allow the police to release the women when they became too weak from starvation, then once they had been rehabilitated and were healthy enough to return to prison, they would be re-arrested.
39
why were some people criticising the suffragettes actions?
they felt they were actually preventing women from getting the vote - their violent acts made them look, in some people's eyes, irrational and unstable which were exactly the reasons that many people had used to not give the women the vote
40
why did some women not support universal suffrage?
they believed a woman's place was at home, supporting her husband and caring for her children. They did not think politics was a world where women belonged
41
why did Herbert Asquith not support the idea of extending the franchise to women?
he thought the decision should only be made if it improved government and the political process. he could see no argument for why it would
42
what did the NUWSS and the WSPU do when war broke out in 1914?
they joined together to support the war effort
43
what did the suffragettes do during the first world war?
they stopped their militant campaigns and as a result of the work they did, they earned themselves the nickname of 'angel of the factory'
44
what did the WFL do during the war?
they refused to join the war effort because they were pacifists and didn't want to support the men fighting in Europe
45
what sort of work did the women do during the war?
they worked in factories, on farms, and even on the front lines as nurses
46
what did the work women did during the war prove?
it proved that they could do the same jobs as women, they could make clear-headed decisions and contradicted the argument that women were less intelligent as they had successfully looked after the family, run the home, and did the jobs their husbands had done
47
what act was passed in 1918?
the Representation of the People Act
48
what did the Representation of the People Act do?
it gave all men over the age of 21 the vote, and some women over 21 the vote (if they owned property), and gave all women over 30 the vote
49
when were the women given the vote on equal terms to the men?
1928
50
what did the gov recognise as unfair during the war (related to voting)?
they recognised that it was unfair that some of the men who had gone to fight didn't have the vote
51
what movement for women developed in the 1960s in the USA and Britain?
the Women's movement
52
what did the Women's movement campaign for?
they were campaigning for equal pay with men, increased number of women in higher education, 24-hour child care, free contraception, and abortion on demand - they wanted women to have the same freedom as men
53
was the women's act successful?
they were
54
what act did the government pass in 1969 which was arguably an extension to the married women's property act?
the Divorce reform act, which allowed women to claim any property owned in the divorce settlement
55
what acts were passed in 1970 and 1975 to give women more rights?
1970 - Equal Pay Act
1975 - Sex Discrimination Act
56
who was the PM during the Women's movement?
Harold Wilson
57
what did Harold Wilson legalise?
homosexuality
58
who did Harold Wilson attempt to end discrimination against?
ethnic minorities
59
what did Harold wilson abolish?
capital punishment (death penalty)
60
which PM blocked moves to give women the vote?
Herbert Asquith
61
what were the consequences of the women's rights movements?
- many men were reluctant to concede both the vote and equal rights to women
- once women gained the vote they had the opportunity to push for more and more equality - gradually attitudes towards women, work, and politics changed
- by 1969 everyone in the country over the age of 18 could vote
- since 1970 Equal Pay Act employers have had to pay men and women equally
- today, on average, women earn 30% less than men
- women have managed to progress towards equality - sometimes through their own efforts and sometimes through the efforts of the government
62
what happened to the coal mines during the war?
they were nationalised, though the government was quick to return the control of the miners to their private owners at the end of the war
63
how was the mining industry during the war?
they had high demand and an increase in people working for them
64
what were the two options to reduce costs in the coal industry?
- they could close down the mines that were inefficient and focus production on the mines that were making the most money
- or they could start introducing new automatic machinery; fewer men would be needed as the machines would be doing most of the work
65
what pushed coal mines in Britian into a crisis?
foreign competition and a lack of modern technology - mines in countries like Germany had more modern equipment as they were owned by big companies that could invest in new tech, British mines couldn't compete with their output
66
what did the coal-miners' unions want the gov to do (after ww1)?
wanted them to renationalise the mines bc they needed investment
67
what did the mine owners announce on the 15th April 1921?
a drop in wages and an extension to the working day
68
when did mine owners announce a drop in wages and an extension to the working day?
Friday 15th April 1921 (black friday)
69
how did the miners respond to the drop in wages and extension to the working day?
they were outraged and decided to strike
70
who were toe TUC?
the trade union congress
71
how did the TUC respond to the decrease in miners' wages and extension to their working day?
they called on other industries to strike with the miners in solidarity as they were worried that other employers would do the same
72
what was the outcome of the miners' strike against the drop in wages and extension to the working day?
the railway and dockers' unions pulled out at the last minute as they did not feel the immediate concern that the miners did, so without any support from other industries, the miners were forced to return to work for lower wages and longer days
73
who was PM in 1925?
Stanley Baldwin
74
when did the price of coal fall again?
1925
75
what happened on Friday the 31st of July 1921?
PM Baldwin agreed to subsidise the coal industry, and set up the Samuels commission - whose job it was to reach an agreement between the miners and the mine owners
76
why did Baldwin agree to help the miners in 1925?
he knew that the other unions would support the miners this time and was worried about a workers' revolution
77
when did Baldwin's subsidy money run out?
April 1926
78
when did the general strike begin?
3rd May 1926
79
when did the TUC agree to a strike?
on the 1st of May (May day - a day when workers' rights are celebrated
80
why is Friday 15th April known as Black Friday?
because many workers felt betrayed by their union leaders
81
why is Friday 31st July known as Red Friday?
because the workers achieved a victory with the government subsidies
82
how long did the general strike last?
9 days
83
what were the government actions during the general strike?
- used the Emergency powers act from ww1 to arrange for the army to take over jobs from the striking workers
- encouraged middle-class students to take a break from uni and work in heavy industries
- started their own propaganda campaign with their newspaper - the British Gazette, which tried to turn the public against the strikers
- Baldwin made speeches referring to the strike as a revolution which fuelled the public's fear of communism
- armoured cars driven by the army were sent to key cities to stop the violent clashes between the strikers and the gov supporters, they were armed with machine guns
84
how many uni students volunteered to work in heavy industries during the general strike?
over 226,000
85
who edited the British Gazette (during the general strike)?
Winston Churchill
86
what were the actions of the TUC during the general strike?
- created their own newspaper, The British Worker, and used it to explain the motivations for the strike
- also used the paper to remind strikers to remain peaceful and not use violent tactics
- some strikers became violent and there were clashes with the police
- strikers travelled the country to picket with other industries in solidarity
- funds were set up to help feed strikers and their families to ensure the strike would keep going
87
when did the strike end?
12th May 1926
88
what did the violent actions of some strikers do?
meant that public opinion had gone against the strikers
89
did the labour party support the strike?
not fully
90
when did the miners go back to work?
in November, for lower wages and longer hours - many felt that the strike had been for nothing
91
what were the consequences of the general strike?
- union membership fell dramatically
- there was a rise in unemployment (though idk if its related)
- gov passed the Trade Disputes and Trade Union acts in 1927
- impacted union's relationship with labour party
- weakened power of unions
- union s would not reach peak levels of membership again until ww2
92
what did the Trade Disputes and Trade Union acts of 1927 do?
made it illegal for unions to join together to strike. unions could no longer use money from union membership to fund political parties; all members had to agree for this to happen
93
what % of Britain's labour force had been in a trade union in 1900?
12%
94
what % of Britain's labour force had been in a trade union in 1984?
50%
95
what happened to most key industries after ww2?
they were nationalised
96
how did the nationalisation of industries affect the relationship between the gov, the employers, and the union members?
it improved it
97
what helped gain union support after the general strike?
the appointment of Ernest Bevin as a moderate union leader
98
when did the labour gov amend the Trade disputes and trade unions act?
1946
99
how did the amendment of the trade disputes and trade unions act affect union membership?
union membership flourished after the amendment
100
what happened in the 1960s?
an increase in prices and a drop in wages
101
what gov was in charge from 1970-74?
tories - led by PM Heath
102
what gov was in charge from 1974-79?
labour - led by PM Wilson the Callaghan
103
what gov was in charge from 1979-90?
tories - led by PM Thatcher
104
what plan did MP Barbara Castle produce in 1969?
she made a plan calling for a secret ballot and a 28-day cooling-off period before a strike is approved
105
when was the Industrial relations act introduced and what did it do?
1971, made ballots compulsory
106
what happened in 1972 and 1974?
National union of miners vote for coal strikes which leads to a shortage of coal, gov rations electricity and brings in 3-day work week
107
what does the labour gov do in 1974?
abolish the Industrial relations act and brings in a social contract instead which secures regular wage increases for workers
108
what happened in the winter of 1978-79?
series of strikes in many industries leads to the 'winter of discontent'
109
what happens when tories get into gov under margret thatcher?
gov begins to challenge power of the unions
110
what acts are introduced in 1980 and 1982?
Employment acts, making it unlawful for someone to be fired bc they aren't in a union and gives employers more power to fire striking employees, and changed rules on picketing
111
what acts were introduced in 1984?
Thatcher's gov introduces Trade Union Act which states that 80% of members must agree for strikes to be called, closed shops are illegal unless 85% of workers are happy with the situation, secondary picketing (of companies that do business with employer) is outlawed
112
how does the miners strike end in 1985?
it ends in gov victory but the way it was handled caused controversy
113
what did unemployment rise to in 1985?
rises above 3 million
114
when did the Empire Windrush ship dock in England?
22nd June 1948
115
where did the Empire Windrush ship dock?
Tilbury, near london
116
how many people were aboard the Empire Windrush?
492
117
what did the British Nationality act of 1948 do?
gave all 800 million citizens of the Commonwealth the chance to come to Britain and gain full British citizenship
118
why did people come to Britain from commonwealth countries?
- interest-free loans for transport
- shortage of labour; Britain needed more workers to rebuild the country after the war and had lots of jobs to fill, esp low paid and unskilled jobs
- opportunity; British companies held recruitment fairs in countries like Jamaica so many immigrants secured a job before even leaving home
119
what was the social aspect of life like for many immigrants?
- the first wave of immigrants were mostly young black men; they clashed with groups of young white men
- in the areas that immigrants had moved to there was segregation
120
what was employment like for immigrants?
- many immigrants were forced to do low paid, unskilled work as their qualifications weren't recognised
- doctors arrived from the Indian subcontinent and worked in the new NHS
- many Asian immigrants started their own businesses in their communities (because of language barriers and religious differences)
121
what was housing like for immigrants?
- many white people moved out of the areas that immigrants moved to ('white flight')
- many landlord and even housing associations tried to stop black and Asian people renting their houses
122
what is an example of a group of young white men who clashed with the young black men who had immigrated?
the Teddy Boys
123
why did the young white men clash with the young black men?
they felt the young black men were stealing 'their women'
124
what did the tension between the immigrants and the white people 'explode' into?
the Notting Hill riots in London
125
what is a high-profile example of local authorities preventing black and Asian residents from getting housing in particular areas?
in Smethwick, Birmingham. the black and Asian residents got the support of Malcolm X when he visited the area in 1965 as a protest against the housing policy towards immigrants
126
what were the two aims of the gov when responding to the relations between immigrants and white residents?
- to curb the number of immigrants coming into the country
- to tackle the racial discrimination that had developed
127
what act was passed in 1962?
the Commonwealth Immigrants Act
128
what did the 1962 Commonwealth immigrants act do?
it meant that immigrants needed to apply for a work voucher to come to Britain, and they could only get one if the skills they had were in demand
129
how did the 1962 commonwealth immigrants act affect doctors and nurses in the commonwealth?
many could not find employment in their chosen professions as their qualifications were not recognised
130
what act was passed in 1968?
commonwealth immigrants act
131
what did the 1968 commonwealth immigrants act do?
put even tighter controls on immigration by extending restrictions to those who were part of the commonwealth but held British passports. if they didn't have a parent or grandparent who was born in or was a citizen of the UK, they could not move to the UK
132
what did the 1968 commonwealth immigrants act confirm to many migrants?
that the gov was trying to stop non-white migration. the gov's reforms were perceived as being racist and unfair
133
what might have caused the 1968 commonwealth immigrants act to be passed?
out of fear that 200,000 Asians would move from Kenya to the UK because Kenya started a policy of Africanisation and many Asians living in Kenya believed this policy would discriminate against them
134
what act was passed in 1971 (ab immigration)?
the Immigration Act
135
what did the 1971 immigration act do?
replaced work vouchers with work permits which only allowed temporary residence in Britain. there was also an aspect of the act which encouraged voluntary repatriation so the gov would assist people in moving back to their country of origin and changing their citizenship. the act still allowed chain migration so families could join those who already had citizenship
136
who was enoch powell?
tory mp
137
what was the enoch's speech from 1968 known as?
the 'rivers of blood' speech
138
what did enoch claim immigration posed a threat to?
posed a threat to the British identity and the future would be violent for a multiracial Britain if immigration was not stopped
139
what was the impact of enoch's 'politics'?
- gained a lot of support, esp from the working class
- supporters of 'powellism' believed that white people (specifically white british people) were superior to non-white people, even if they were born in Britain
- powellism encouraged the politics of the national front
140
what were the national front?
a group of people who wanted all non-white immigrants in Britain to return to their/their families country of origin. many members identified strongly with Hitler's policies in nazi Germany
141
what did the 1965 Race Relations Act aim to do?
prevented racial discrimination in housing and employment but seen as a failure due to the race relation board bringing no criminal convictions
142
what did the 1976 race relations act do?
extended the definition of discrimination to any practice that disadvantaged another group. the race relations boards was replaced with the commision for racial equality which had much greater powers
143
was the 1976 race relations act seen as a success?
no, because within five years there were riots in Brixton and in major cities around the UK
144
when was the Battle of Lewisham?
13th August 1977
145
what happened in the Battle of Lewisham?
sparked by a National Front march through the borough
146
what were the economic causes of the brixton riots?
in britain in the late 1970s there was a recession and this economic hardship hit black communities the hardest with high unemployment, poor housing, and higher crime rates
147
what were the political causes of the Brixton riots?
1977 battle of lewisham, the national front was convinced that black people were more likely to be involved in crime and made them even more against multicultural societies
148
what were the social causes of the Brixton riots?
the introduction of a new law, the 'sus' law allowed police to stop and search anyone they suspected was about to commit a crime. many people saw this as racial profiling and felt that more black people were being stopped because of their skin colour, also operation swamp 81 meant brixton was filled with plain-clothes police officers from other districts who were using 'sus law' as a way to prevent street crime
149
what were relations like between the black community and the police?
they were not good, the black community felt let down because the police allowed the national front to march through lewisham and the relations were disintegrated further because the black community was being blamed for the crime in the area
150
how many people were stopped in Brixton in 6 days because of the sus laws?
over 1000
151
what caused the start of the riot?
the arrest of a young black man on the 10th of April 1981
152
what happened during the Brixton riots?
young black men fought the police and set fire to vehicles and buildings for three days
153
who was asked to write a report on the events at Brixton?
Lord Scarman
154
where had riots similar to the Brixton riots happened afterwards?
in Handsworth in Birmingham, in Toxteth in Liverpool, and in Manchester
155
what did the Scarman report find?
it found that institutional racism did not exist within the metropolitan police, however it did suggest making racially prejudiced behaviour an offence, and the report led to the end of the 'sus law'
156
how did the Scarman report affect relations between the police and the black community?
it improved them
157
when was Stephen Lawrence murdered in London?
1933
158
what was the cause of the murder of Stephen Lawrence?
it was racially motivated
159
what did a report on the metropolitan police find after the murder of Stephen Lawrence?
it found that the metropolitan police service did suffer from institutional racism after their poor response to the murder
