elizabeth part 2 Flashcards
who were paupers?
those without work, they relied on charity to survive
why did henry vii limit the right of nobles to hold private armies and what did it cause?
he feared the armies were a threat to his throne, but it left many soldiers without work
what did the reformation cause?
Henry viii closed monasteries so monks, nuns, and other church employees were left without work. no monasteries also meant sick and poor had no help
what caused the collapse of the cloth trade?
economic problems under henry viii and edward vi
what years had bad harvests?
1594-1598
what did the bad harvests cause?
food shortages and starvation, increased prices (inflation)
what was enclosure?
public lands becoming private for sheep farming
why did enclosure cause poverty?
fewer workers were needed, and the removal of common land meant poorer people had no where for their animals to graze
where did unemployed farm workers go to look for work?
cities and towns
how much did the population rise under elizabeth?
from 2.8million to 4 million
who did the increased population give power to?
landlords, who raised the prices of rent (called rent racking)
when was there an outbreak of the flu?
1556
how many people were killed in the flu outbreak?
200,000 people, including farm worjers
what were the two labels for the poor?
the deserving and undeserving poor ( or the impotent and idle poor)
when did henry the eighth dissolve the monestaries?
the 1530s
who were the deserving (or impotent) poor?
those who were too young, sick, or old to work or those who were unable to provide for themselves
who were the deserving (or idle) poor?
those who the elizabethans believed were too lazy to work and were petty criminals
when did Thomas Harman write his book?
1567
what was Thomas Harman’s book called?
Warning against Vagabonds
who wrote ‘Warning Against Vagabonds’?
Thomas Harman
who were Anglers?
Idle poor who carried a long stick which they used to steal clothes from people’s washing lines at night
what was canting?
the coded language that Harman claimed the idle poor spoke
what was a ruffler?
someone who dressed up as an army officer but actually robbed people at sword point and was part of the idle poor
what was a clapperdudgeon?
the idle poor who pretended to be badly injured by using arsenic to make their skin bleed and wrapping their arms and legs in bloody rags
how could a doxy be spotted?
by always wearing a needle in her hat and carrying a pack full of her stolen goods
why did many pretend to be ill?
to gain sympathy
what did counterfeit cranks do?
dressed up in old, dirty clothes and they pretender to have epileptic fits, using soap to make themselves foam at the mouth
what did Abraham men do?
they would pretend to be mad ad walk around half naked while making strange wailing sounds
what risk did the idle poor pose on local governments?
they risked the social hierarchy breaking down
did vagabonds travel alone or as a group?
typically as a group (so they were intimidating)
when were the major outbreaks of the plague?
1563, 1583 to 1586, and 1590 to 1593
what was the name of another author who exaggerated the issue of the idle poor?
William Harrison
what did the baretop tricksters do?
they were women who would trick men into following them by removing clothing, then getting her accomplices to to beat and rob them
what is an example of a man who pretended to be mad and what would he do?
Tom O’Bedlam, he might stick a chicken head in his ear or bark like a dog
what did Elizabeth do to slow down inflation that was planned by Mary?
the recoinage, which helped slow it down for a time
what did the statute of artificers do?
put a wage limit on skilled workers
when was the statute of artificers passed?
1563
what did the act on husbandry and tillage do?
attempted to slow the trend of enclosure to protect rural jobs
when was the act on husbandry and tillage passed?
1598
what were the laws about the poor people from the 1495?
beggars were punished in the stocks or send back to their home towns
what were the laws about the poor people from 1531?
- beggars were publicly whipped
- those caught a second time will have a hole in burned in their ear
- if caught a third time you would be hanged
what did the act for setting the poor on work do?
placed the responsibility on local governments
when did the act on setting the poor on work pass?
1576
how did london deal with the poor?
- bridewall palace was used as a shelter for the homeless
- bedlam hospital was built to house the mentally ill
- other hospitals were opened for the sick and orphans
- conditions in all these institutions were bad and they couldn’t cope with the growing population
how did york deal with the poor?
- in 1515 the city authority issued beggar licenses
- from 1528 a Master beggar was appointed to keep the others in order
- if beggars refused to work they were sent to the house of correction
how did Ipswich deal with the poor?
- introduced a licensing system for beggars from 1569
- opened a hospital specifically to help the old and sick
- a youth training scheme was introduced to help the children learn a trade and escape poverty
how did norwich deal with the poor?
- after a survey showed that 80% of the population lived in poverty in 1570, the city authorities seperated the poor into the idle poor and the unfortunate poor
- the idle poor were given work such as knitting or sewing
- the unfortunate poor were given food and other forms of care
- rich citizens were taxed to pay for the care of the vulnerable
what was st bartholomew’s hospital for?
the sick (physically sick im guessing)
what was st thomas’ hospital for?
the elderly
what was Christ’s hospital for?
orphans
what years were legislations about the poor passed before the poor law?
1563, 1572, and 1576
when was a Poor Law passed?
1597
when was a poor law amended?
1601
what was the poor law known as in full?
the At for the Relief of the Poor
what did the Poor Law state?
- everyone had to pay a local poor rate (tax), would be fined or imprisoned if you didn’t pay
- each parish had to appoint four overseers of the poor
- almshouses were provided for the old and ill to live in and they could recieve money, food, and clothing
what did the overseers of the poor do?
they would ensure that orphans had apprenticeships and provide tools and stock of raw materials for the able-bodied poor to work with in the houses of industries, with wages paid out of the poor rate
how did the 1576 law classify the poor?
the deserving poor who were too ill, old, or young to work
the able-bodied poor who genuinely couldn’t find work
the idle poor who were criminals and vagabonds
what was used to describe Elizabeths reign other than the ‘golden age’?
the age of discovery
when was Sir Walter Raleigh given royal permission to explore the Americas?
1584
what land was Sir Walter Raleigh allowed to colonise in the americas?
any land that was not owned by a Christian
what did sir Walter Raleigh give to the queen in return for permission to explore america?
one fifth of all the gold and silver he found
how was exploration possible?
- defences: better weapons such as cannons made it easier to explore hostile territory
- technology: better designed ships were faster because of their triangular lateen sail
- navigation: the astrolabe allowed the sailors to judge their positions and more accurate compasses made navigation easier
who was John Hawkins?
a respected sailor and courtier
a successful privateer
he was in charge of leading the navy to defeat the Spanish Armada
when was the first example of the slave trade from an Englishman?
- 1564
- John Hawkins kidnapped several hundred West Africans and sold them in South America
who was thought to have brought tobacco to England?
John Hawkins
how did the exploration allow England to increase its wealth?
- raiding Spanish ships and ports and bringing back the stolen goods
- trading systems were established so new products were brought to England
- the slave trade brought a significant wealth to individuals and England as a whole
what are examples of new products being brought to England?
- spices
- silks
- porcelain
- incense
- cottons
- perfumes
what did they bring to England from trade with the East (and Mediterranean)?
spice, current, dyes
what company was created to trade with Turkey and the Middle East?
the Levant company
where was the Levant company created to trade with?
turkey and the middle east
when was the East India company established?
1600
why did the Europeans want an alternative route to the East/Asia as a whole?
- the Ottoman empire taxed goods that passed through their territory highly
- the ottoman empire was muslim and hostile to christian europe
- an alternative route meant they could avoid the ottoman empire
- ships would be faster than camels
how did the printing press help explorers?
maps and other geographical literature could be printed and was more readily available
which portuguese navigator was the first to sail around the southern tip of africa, and when?
Bartholomew Diaz, in 1487
who was the portuguese explorer that sailed to India around the southern tip of Africa and when?
Vasco da Gama, in 1498
when did Christopher Columbus discover the ‘new world’?
1492
who discovered that the ‘new world’ was a new continent and not asia and when?
Amerigo Vespucci, in 1498
when was the first circumnavigation of the world?
between 1519 and 1522
who was the first circumnavigation of the world led by?
Ferdinand Magellan
what did privateers do?
they looted and attacked Spanish ships, with a licence from the Queen
what was traded in russia?
timbers and furs
when was the Muscovy company established?
1555
what company was set up to trade with Russia?
the Muscovy company
when was the Eastland company established?
1579
what was traded from Scandinavia and the Baltic?
- timber
- tar
- canvas
- rope
when was the Levant company established?
1581
what did Sir Francis Drake do in 1577?
he circumnavigated the world
when did sir francis drake circumnavigate the world?
1577
how much money did drake return with after circumnavigating the world?
estimated £400,000 worth of spanish treasure (about £200 million nowadays)
what religion was francis drake?
very puritan
what ship did francis drake use to circumnavigate the world?
the golden hind
why was virginia a good place to attempt colonisation?
because it was believed to have a large supply of wine, oil, sugar, and flax
who do catholics believe is the head of the church?
the pope is the head of the church
what language do catholics believe the bible and church services should be in?
latin
do catholics think priests can marry?
no
what kind of churches do catholics like?
highly decorated
do catholics believe in transubstantiation?
yes
how do catholics believe ordinary people connect to god?
through the priest
who do protestants believe is the head of the church?
the monarch
what language do protestants believe the bible ad church services should be in?
english
do protestants think priests can marry?
yes
do protestants believe in literal transubstantiation?
no, they think it represents jesus
how do protestants believe ordinary people connect to god?
through prayer
what do protestants and catholics agree on?
- god created the world
- jesus was gods son
- those who challenge true faith should be punished
what were the terms of Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
- priests are allowed to marry
- services were all in english and followed the book of common prayer
- she declared herself governor instead of the head of the church
- catholics could worship their own way in private
- she appointed a moderate protestant as archbishop of canterbury
who were the three archbishops of canterbury during elizabeth’s reign?
Matthew Parker (1559-75)
Edmund Grindal (1576-83)
John Whitgift (1583-1604)
when was the act of supremacy passed?
may 1559
what was stated in the act of supremacy?
- named Elizabeth as supreme governor (not supreme head)
- kept the episcopal structure of church
- made all members of clergy swear oath to her
what did episcopal structure mean?
it meant there were two archbishops (Canterbury and York) and various bishops below them to help Elizabeth govern the church
when was the act of uniformity passed?
may 1559
what did priests have to wear?
catholic-style vestaments
what was a recusant?
someone (usually a catholic) who refused to attend the church services
what was the punishment for being a recusant?
they were fined a shilling a week
what was the punishment for performing the ceremony of mass?
you could face the death penalty
which pope excommunicated Elizabeth?
Pope Pius V
what did it mean for Elizabeth to be excommunicated by the pope?
it meant english catholics should no longer be loyal to her and were directly ordered to disobey her or risk being excommunicated as well
when did Pope Pius V issue his papal bull?
27th April 1570
when was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
what was the main cause of the northern rebellion?
Elizabeth’s refusal to let the duke of Norfolk to marry Mary queen of scots
who were the two nobles who started the northern rebellion?
the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland
what happened in the northern plot?
the two earls tool control of Durham cathedral and held an illegal mass
then they marched south with 4600 men but the Earl of Sussex raised an army against them and stopped them
what happened to the Earl of Northumberland after the northern rebellion?
he was executed
what happened to the earl of westmorland after the northern plot?
he escaped to France
when was the Treason Act passed?
1571
what did the treason act state?
it stated that denying elizabeth’s supremacy and bringing the papal bull of excommunication into England could both be punishable by death, and anyone who left the country for more than 6 months could have their land confiscated (missionaries)
when was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
what was supposed to happen during the ridolfi plot?
it involved an Italian named Ridolfi and the Duke of Norfolk. there would by an uprising at the same time as an invasion of foreign catholics, elizabeth would be murdered and mary would be crowned queen and would marry the duke of norfolk
when was the throckmorten plot?
1583
what was the plan for the throckmorten plot?
- led by Sir Francis Throckmorten
- they would kill elizabeth and replace her with mary
- an uprising of english catholics and french invasion (and Spanish ambassador involved)
what happened to throckmorten after the plot failed?
he was executed
when was the babington plot?
1586
what was the plan for the babington plot?
- led by anthony babington
- murder elizabeth and replace with mary
which plot led to the trial and execution of mary?
babington plot
who were jesuits?
priests sent to england who would try to influence rich and powerful families against protestantism
when was the society of jesus created?
1540
when did the society of jesus start sending missionaries to england?
1580
who were two important jesuits?
Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons
when did robert parsons and edmund campion arrive in england?
24th June 1580
where did Edmund go when he arrived in England?
Lancashire then to London
who would rent houses for the priests?
Anne Vaux and her sister Eleanor Brooksby
what are priest-holes?
concealed rooms and spaces where priests could hold illegal mass and hide
when were recusancy fines increased?
1581
what price were recusancy fines after 1581?
£20 (more than most could afford)
what anti-catholic law was passed in 1585?
any catholic priest who was ordained after 1559 was considered a traitor and he (and anyone defending him) would face death
it became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate the queen
what happened to Edmund Campion?
he was arrested, brutally tortured and dragged through london, and then hung drawn and quartered
when was the act against jesuits and seminary priests passed?
1585
what did the act against jesuits and seminary priests call for?
it called for them to be driven out of England, and many were executed
who were presbyterians?
extreme puritans
what was prophesying?
meetings held by presbyterians after 1570 to discuss the bible
why did Elizabeth suspend Edmund Grindal?
he encouraged the prophesying
who was banned from preaching in 1580?
John Field, a very strict puritan
when was john field banned from preaching?
1580
when was the separatist church founded?
1593 in London
who were the founders of the separatist church and what happened to them?
they were Henry Barrow and John Greenwood, and they were both hanged
who were important puritans?
sir francis walsingham, robert dudley, and Peter Wentworth and anthony cope (both MPs)
what were some measures taken against puritanism?
- banned unlicensed preaching and made church attendance mandatory
- a new high commission who had the power to fine and imprison puritans who refused to follow the rules
- the dismissal/imprisonment of hundred of clergymen
- punishment for printers spreading puritanism
- crackdown on high profile puritans
why did plots against elizabeth fail?
- she was a skilled politician
- she had spies
- there were unconvincing alternatives to her
- punishment
- her religious settlement
