power and the people part two Flashcards
1
Q
what did the monasteries do?
A
they acted as hotels, hospitals, schools, and refuge for the poor
2
Q
what did people pay to the monasteries and why?
A
they paid the church indulgences to be forgiven for their sins because they were scared of going to hell
3
Q
why were some people unhappy with the monasteries in the 16th century?
A
they believed the people in the monasteries had forgotten their vows of poverty and lived in luxury while people starved outside the church, and some felt the monasteries and nunneries were becoming too powerful
4
Q
who fueled the changing attitudes of people towards the monasteries in 1517?
A
Martin Luther’s writings - he translated the bible into german and criticised the church for selling indulgences
5
Q
what act did Henry make himself head of the Church of England through?
A
the Act of Supremacy of 1534 - aso meant he didn’t have to pay taxes to the pope anymore
6
Q
what religion was Henry VIII?
A
a devout catholic
7
Q
did henry viii like the pope?
A
he saw the pope as a competing power and didn’t like that people would listen to him, wanted the people of england to only listen to him
8
Q
did Henry like Luther and his new religion?
A
no
9
Q
what did Henry use protestantism to do?
A
to get a divorce from his wife (Catherine of Aragon)
10
Q
did people recognise Henry as the head of the church?
A
most didn’t
11
Q
who famously didn’t recognise Henry as the head of the Church?
A
Henry’s advisor, Thomas More, who was beheaded
12
Q
what did the law that Thomas Cromwell help Henry pass make treason?
A
not recognising Henry as the head of the church
13
Q
who was Thomas Cromwell?
A
a blacksmith’s son and a member of henry viii’s court - became one of his most faithful servants and wanted to make henry wealthy again and helped him get his divorce
14
Q
why were people unhappy with Henry viii’s changes?
A
- rising prices
- changes to religion
- landowners lost influence
- cromwell’s power
15
Q
why were people upset about rising prices after henry viii’s changes?
A
normally prices would stay the same year to year but they continued to rise under henry - people blamed his advisors
16
Q
why were people unhappy with henry viii’s changes to religion?
A
most people wanted the monasteries back and wanted the pope to be the head of the church
17
Q
why did the landowners lose influence after henry viii’s changes?
A
many landowners who were advisors to the king fell from favour after his divorce because they were supporters of catherine and felt pushed out - they blamed Cromwell
18
Q
why were people unhappy with Thomas Cromwell?
A
he was hated by landowners who resented his influence, he was seen as the creator of the new religious policies and had helped Henry’s divorce, they also disliked him because he was the son of a blacksmith
19
Q
why did henry make sure every change he made went through parliament?
A
to be able to blame his government for the changes to avoid conflict with other catholic european countries
20
Q
how much land did the monasteries control?
A
a quarter of all the land in england
21
Q
what was the combined annual income of the monasteries?
A
£200,000 - nearly double that of the king
22
Q
what act did parliament pass in 1536?
A
an act to close all small monasteries that had an annual income of less than £200
23
Q
when did parliament pass the first act to close small monasteries?
A
1536
24
Q
what did cromwell set up after the act passed in 1536?
A
Valor Ecclesiasticus, an evaluation of monastery finances - inspectors were sent to monasteries to see what they spent money on, if they weren’t seen to be run properly they would be shut down
25
what happened to the positive reports about the monasteries that were sent to cromwell?
they would be sent back and rewritten to show the monasteries in a less positive light
26
what did people think of henry viii's changes?
not everyone was happy; they were used to high taxes and arguments with the pope but not a complete break from rome
27
what did closing monasteries (the dissolution of monasteries) help Henry get?
money
28
when did rebellion break out against henry viii's changes?
1536
29
who were the rebels in yorkshire's leader?
Robert Aske ( a lawyer)
30
what demands did the rebels from yorkshire have?
- restore the monasteries (in the north they were less corrupt than in the south and did important social work)
- recognise the pope as head of the church
- dismiss Cromwell and other advisors who were giving the king poor advice
31
how did the rebels from Yorkshire avoid being accused of treason?
Aske put together a case to show that they were not against the king - all the protestors believed in the social hierarchy and royal authority and had no intention to challenge it
32
what was the rebellion from Yorkshire known as?
the pilgrimage of Grace
33
what banner did the pilgrims of grace hold?
a banner with the five wounds of christ - made it clear they were protesting for religion
34
where did the rebellion of the pilgrims begin?
lincoln with Lord Hussey who was a supporter of Catherine and wanted a removal of taxes in peacetime
35
where did the pilgrims do after going to Lincoln?
captured the town of York and Pontefract castle - which had been held by Lord Darcy (a henry supporter), who ended up surrendering to the pilgrims and joining their campaigns
36
where did the pilgrims have control over by the end of October 1536?
most of England north of Cheshire and Lincolnshire
37
who did henry chose to negotiate with the pilgrims?
the Duke of Norfolk
38
who was the Duke of Norfolk?
a catholic and a critic of Cromwell
39
when did the Duke of Norfolk meet the pilgrims and where?
on the 27th of October 1536 at Doncaster Bridge
40
how large was Norfolks army that he brought to Doncaster bridge?
8000 men
41
how large was Aske's army at Doncaster Bridge?
30,000 men
42
what did Norfolk assure Aske?
he assured that he would present a list of the pilgrim's demand to henry and that he would give all the rebels royal pardons - Aske took of his pilgrim's badge and went home
43
how long did it take for the rebels to draw up their demands for the Duke of Norfolk and did they change at all?
it took them a month, they were the same as before except they added a demand: they wanted parliament to meet in York because they wanted better representation for the North
44
when was henry presented the pilgrim's demands?
December 1536
45
when did Aske spend Christmas with Henry at his palace in Greenwich?
December 1536
46
what did Henry reassure Aske about during his visit?
that he did not disagree with Aske regarding Cromwell and that he supported the rebels
47
was the king being truthful in his reassurance to Aske?
no, he was strengthening his garrison in the North
48
when were castles in Hull, Beverly and Scarborough attacked by the rebels?
January 1537
49
what did the rebels do in January 1537 and why?
they attacked castles in Hull, Beverly, and Scarborough because they had heard that the king was strengthening his garrison in the North and wanted to strike first
50
what did Henry use the Jan 1537 attackings as an excuse to do?
he used it as an excuse to cancel the royal pardons
51
where did Henry send Norfolk to in 1537?
to Carlisle where another rebellion was taking place
52
what happened to the rebels in Carlisle?
they surrendered and 74 were hung in their own gardens Norfolk didn't hang more because he believed they were already executed enough
53
who did Henry call for in the aftermath of the pilgrimage of grace?
he called for Aske, Darcy, and Hussey - they were immediately arrested
54
what did Cromwell think should be done to the rebels?
he thought they should all be killed because he wanted to remain in favour and didn't like that they had gone against his reforms
55
when was Aske killed and where?
on the 12th of July, 1537 in York
56
who was required to watch Aske's execution?
all local landowners
57
when did the campaign against smaller monasteries give way to larger monasteries?
in 1539
58
who is an example of an Abbot who tried to resist the closure of the monasteries and what happened to him?
the Abbot of Glastonbury - he was dragged through town, hanged, and had his head placed on a spike on the abbey gates
59
what did Henry use his increased money from the monasteries for?
developing the Royal Navy and reinforcing fortifications - he was still worried about foreign attack
60
did anymore rebellions happen during Henry viii's reign?
no
61
how many were executed in total after the second rebellion broke out?
216 - including 38 monks and 16 parish priests
62
what happened to Thomas Cromwell after the Pilgrimage of Grace?
he was executed; he had fallen out of favour with the king and was charged with treason and corruption. Henry also blamed Cromwell for encouraging him to marry Anne of Cleves (wife 4) who was not to his liking
63
when was Cromwell beheaded?
July 1540
64
what was the significance of the pilgrimage of grace?
- had been a serious threat to henry's rule
- almost all levels of society were involved (at one point there were 50,000 men in the North involved)
- was a failure - rebels had accelerated the changes they wanted to prevent
- no more religious rebellions took place during Henry's reign
- henry's position was stronger
- henry dissolved the rest of the monasteries in 1539
65
what were the religious impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
failed to stop dissolution of the monasteries
66
what were the economic impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- the economy improved with the money from the monasteries and henry was able to develop the royal navy
- landowners bought the monastery land
67
what were the political impacts of the pilgrimage of grace?
- cromwell, Darcy, Hussey, and Aske were executed
- Henry strengthened the council of the North
- no more rebellions during Henry's reign
- Cromwell was executed eventually after falling out of favour
68
did Charles I believe in the divine right of kings and how did this affect his court?
yes, he believed he was appointed by god, and so did not want many people involved in the decisions about the country
69
who did Charles I make a favourite?
the Duke of Buckingham - who had also been James' (Charles' father) favourite
70
what did the parliament think about Charles making the Duke of Buckingham a fav?
it alarmed them because of the influence Buckingham had over Charles
71
how did Charles respond to the parliament's alarm at his choice of favourites?
he dissolved the parliament in 1629 and did not call another parliament for 11 years
72
what do people call the 11 year period where Charles ruled without parliament?
either the period of personal rule or the 'eleven years' tyranny'
73
what did Charles need money from the parliament for?
wars, especially with Spain
74
why was King James I refused money by the parliament?
he would spend it on favourites instead of for necessary things
75
why was King Charles I refused money by the parliament?
because they didn't trust him - there were concerns about his religious sincerity (esp bc he was married to a catholic) and there was a fear that he would use the money to become independent from the parliament
76
what tax did Charles introduce in 1637?
a tax known as 'ship money' - a tax that was normally paid by those in coastal towns as a means of raising money to build the navy, charles made everyone pay the tax
77
when did Charles introduce the 'ship money' tax?
1637
78
why were parliament concerned about the ship money tax?
it could make charles financially independent and therefore able to make decisions without consulting parliament
79
who was Charles I married to?
Henrietta Maria - a French Catholic princess
80
who became Charles' main advisor after the death of the Duke of Buckingham?
his wife, Henrietta Maria
81
what did the people of england think of Henrietta Maria being Charles' main advisor?
they were worried about what it could mean for the church
82
who went on to have the most influence over religion in England? (during charles' rule i think)
William Laud
83
when was William Laud made the Archbishop of Canterbury?
1633
84
who was made the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633?
William Laud
85
what did Laud believe in?
he agreed with Charles that conformity should be brought back to the church
86
was Laud a Catholic?
no but he was Arminian so he thought people should worship in a similar way to catholics
87
what were the ways that Laud believed people should worship which were similar to Catholic ways of worship?
- wanted the Church clergy to be more separate from the congregation and to be dressed in robes which showed their importance
- wanted the church to be more decorated (with candles, crosses, statues, and paintings)
88
what were Laudian reforms?
changes made by William Laud
89
who opposed the Laudian reforms?
the puritans who had become prominent in parliament
90
what was the star chamber?
court where people who had gone against the king were tried, run by supporters of the king
91
what was an example of a famous opposition to the Laudian reforms?
- three men (Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton) wrote a pamphlet criticising the church
- they were tried in the star chamber
- they were punished as thieves would be: pilloried, their faces branded, and their ears cut off
92
what were Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton met with when they were released from prison?
a large cheering crowd
93
what did people do when Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton had their ears cut off?
they dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood
94
what did people see Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton as?
heroes
95
what religion was the Scottish church during Charles I's reign?
presbyterian (a type of protestantism)
96
when was the Laudian prayer book introduced (in Scotland)?
1637
97
what did the new prayer book of 1637 rely on?
catechism (religious instruction from the priest) rather than the protestant method of personal worship
98
where were there riots after the introduction of the Laudian prayerbook?
in St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh
99
what did the Scots sign in 1638?
a covenant saying they would not agree to the changes
100
when did the scots sign the covenant?
1638
101
who were the people who signed/supported the covenant known as?
the covenanters
102
when did Charles send an army to scotland?
1639
103
did Charles' army defeat the covenanters?
no, the covenanters defeated Charles' army
104
what did the covenanters do after defeating Charles' army?
they invaded England
105
when did Charles ask the parliament to meet again after his personal rule and how long did it last?
April 1640, lasted a month
106
why did Charles call the parliament in April 1640?
to raise funds to defeat the Scots
107
what was the April 1640 parliament called?
the short parliament because it only lasted a month
108
what conditions did the short parliament put on giving charles the funds?
- had to promise not to pass laws without the parliament's agreement
- not to raise unpopular taxes
- to stop Laud's religious changes
109
who was one of Charles' favourites (other than buckingham)?
Thomas Wentworth - Earl of Strafford
110
where was Wentworth sent to keep peace and why?
Ireland because there was tension between Catholics and Protestants in social and political life
111
where were most of the protestants in ireland from?
scotland and england, and many were originally sent by James and Charles to keep order and prevent any rebellions - these postings were known as plantations
112
what did parliament think of Strafford being sent to Ireland?
they were unhappy about his control as he had a strong and loyal army and they were concerned that charles would try and bring this army to england and use it against the english
113
what did Stafford encourage Charles to do after the parliament refused to give Charles funds?
he encouraged him to rule England on his own, without parliament
114
when did Charles call parliament again after April 1640 and why?
November 1640 (long parliament), because he was running out of options to defeat the Scots and restore order - he knew he needed parliament
115
what were the parliaments demands in November 1640?
- Wentworth and Laud must be removed
- ministers should be appointed from parliament to advise Charles
- the king must get rid of the Star Chamber
- parliament must meet regularly
- no taxes without the parliament's approval
- reversal of laudian reforms
116
what had become a substitute for the parliament during Charles' personal rule?
the star chamber
117
when did Strafford return to England?
1640
118
what happened in Ireland when Strafford returned to England in 1640?
riots broke out - thousands of protestants were killed by catholics
119
what did people think about Charles and the Irish riots of 1640?
they thought that Charles supported the rebellion and saw it as a Catholic plot
120
what was parliament's response to the Irish riots of 1640?
- they were willing to give money to suppress the rebellion but did not want Charles in charge of the army
- despite charles' refusal, parliament took control of the army - the king was furious
121
what did the king agree to by the summer of 1641 after the parliament was called in november 1640?
- Strafford was executed and Laud was imprisoned
- some of Charles' critics were appointed as his advisors
- courts of the star chamber were abolished
- parliament would meet every three years
- the Long Parliament could be dissolved by Charles without irs permission
- ship money was made illegal
122
what was the relationship between Charles and parliament like by 1642?
it had deteriorated again
123
who was a leading opponent of the opposition to the king?
John Pym
124
what did Pym present?
the Grand Remonstrance - a list of grievances towards Charles
125
what did Charles do in response to the Grand Remonstrance?
he raised an army and marched to parliament to arrest the five men - the Five Members - who led the opposition, they had already escaped but now everyone knew how far charles would go
126
who were the Five Members?
Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, and Strode
127
what was Charles' response to the Grand remonstrance evidence for?
that he was a tyrant who would not listen to the people
128
when and where did the civil war start?
in August 1642 in Nottingham
129
what were the two sides of the civil war?
the Roundheads (parliamentarians) and the Cavaliers (royalists)
130
what part of england mainly supported the king?
the north
131
what social class were mostly royalists and why?
the upper class eg the wealthy landowners as a way to show personal loyalty to the king and to keep in place the social structure they benefited from
132
what social class were mostly parliamentarians and why?
the middle classes and the peasant workers as there was a less rigid social hierarchy in parliament
133
why was there more support for parliament in the south rather than the north?
the merchant class (traders and businessmen) who were not happy about Charles' taxes
134
why did people not support Charles I as king?
his religious and political reforms were not popular and many thought his personality did not make him a good king
135
why did some families divide their loyalties during the civil war?
so that no matter who won, they would be on a winning side
136
who were many poorer people forced to support in the civil war?
whoever their lord supported
137
what was the first battle of the civil war?
the battle of edgehill
138
who won the battle of edgehill?
there was no clear winner - the king tried to take London but failed and withdrew to Oxford
139
what military methods did both sides use at the battle of edgehill?
cavalry and infantry
140
who was one of the most prominent royalist commanders?
Prince Rupert, Charles' nephew
141
what tactic did the parliamentarians use to combat Rupert's success?
propaganda against rupert and his dog, Boy, who would come with him to battle
142
did the parliamentarians propaganda work?
yes, it made Rupert look weak and so made Charles look weak
143
did all parliamentarians want a full removal of the monarchy?
no, most just wanted the removal of royal reforms (which angered Olly Cromwell)
144
who was MP for cornwall during the civil war?
Oliver Cromwell
145
what religion was Oliver Cromwell?
a puritan
146
who lead the roundheads against the cavaliers?
Oliver Cromwell with Thomas Fairfax
147
who was Thomas Fairfax?
a lord who had once worked with Charles to fight the Scots, he joined the parliamentary forces in 1642
148
who created the new model army?
Oliver Cromwell
149
how did Olly recruit men for his new model army?
based on ability rather than their privilege
150
how did the new model army live?
by a strict religious and moral code - they were not allowed to drink or to swear
151
when was the model army used for the first time?
at the battle of Naseby in 1645
152
how many men were in each army at the battle of Naseby?
new model : 14,000 men
king: 9000 men
153
how did the new model army defeat the king's army?
- they defeated the cavalry by slowly approaching rather than charging
- they defeated the infantry by manoeuvring behind them and attacking them from the rear
154
what was the battle of naseby the end of?
the king's last great army
155
where did the new model army go on to capture under Cromwell after the Battle of Naseby?
Bristol and Oxford
156
when and where was Charles captured and by who?
1647 in Nottinghamshire by the Scottish army, who then gave him to the New Model army
157
what did charles do while imprisoned?
- he was keen to negotiate with parliament to secure a peaceful end to their disagreements
- meanwhile, he was writing to the Scottish army to convince them to attack the english parliament and the new model army and make the english church presbyterian
158
did the scottish fight cromwell as Charles suggested?
yes
159
when did the scots fight the new model army and what was the battle called?
the Battle of Preston 1648
160
what caused the start of the second civil war?
the scottish attacking the new model army
161
who won the battle of preston/the second civil war?
the new model army
162
what did the second civil war prove about charles?
that he cannot be trusted (by the new model army)
163
when was Pride's purge?
December 1648
164
who surrounded the houses of parliament in december 1648?
the regiment of Colonel Thomas Pride
165
who did the regiment of Thomas pride refuse entry in the houses of parliament to?
members of parliament who were known to support negotiations with the king
166
who was Thomas Pride?
a soldier who fought in the civil war and had fought with Cromwell against the Scots
167
what was Pride's purge?
when Thomas Pride's regiment refused entry in the houses of parliament to MPs who supported negotiations with Charles
168
what was the outcome of Pride's Purge?
Charles would stand trial with no supporters
169
what parliament did the remaining MPs after Pride's Purge form?
the Rump Parliament
170
what was Charles tried for?
treason
171
how many commissioners from the special commission set up to try Charles for treason attended the trial?
68 out of the 135 expected (just over 50%)
172
did thomas fairfax attend Charles' trial?
no, but his wife did and supposedly supported the king
173
why did the commissioners not attend the trial?
they were scared because they had openly fought against Charles
174
what did cromwell say when Charles walked into court?
'I tell you we will cut his head off with the crown upon it'
175
what did Charles plead as?
neither, he refused to give a plea as guilty or not guilty because he said that parliament had no right to act as judge and jury
176
who was the court president during Charles' trial?
John Bradshaw
177
what did Bradshaw wear to the second day of the trial?
a specially made bulletproof hat
178
what did the court hear Charles had done during the trial by the witnesses?
- he was guilty of starting the war by trying to raise an army in Nottingham
- he approved the ill treatment of parliamentary forces during the war - calling his own subjects enemies
- he was plotting with his son to start another war while negotiating with parliament
179
when was Charles sentenced?
27th January 1649
180
how did Bradshaw justify Charles' sentence?
he said that Charles had not done his duty by not calling regular parliaments, attacking the basic liberties of the country
181
where was the king taken to be executed?
Whitehall
182
when was Charles brought to Whitehall to be executed?
10:00am on the 30th of January 1649
183
why did Charles have to wait for hours before being beheaded?
- they had to find a willing executioner because the executioners didn't turn up
- they had to pass a law that said no monarch could be installed on the king's death
184
what was the religious justification for Charles' execution?
according to the soldiers and cromwell, the King's defeat was a sign of God's providence
185
what were the economic justifications for Charles' execution?
people wanted an end to the taxes they had to endure during Charles' reign
186
what was the political justification for Charles' execution?
there was a new sense of freedom as ordinary men could now have influence
187
what was the name given to the time when england, scotland, and ireland did not have a monarch but were ruled by olly?
the protectorate, sometimes the period is referred to as the interregnum
188
why did people support Olly?
- he won wars against the Dutch and Spanish
- restored England's reputation abroad
- introduced the Navigation act
- people were free to worship in any way they wanted
- many ordinary people felt that Cromwell was on their side
189
what was the navigation act and when was it passed (by Olly)?
any ship coming into or leaving England had to be English, passed in 1651
190
why didn't people support olly?
- appointed major generals
- imprisoned levellers and killed their leaders
- the seige in Ireland
- took land from Catholics in Ireland to give to protestants to always have allies in Ireland
191
why didn't people like the major generals?
people resented their presence because they kept such a strict control on many aspects of life - they even tried to ban Christmas celebrations
192
where were the major generals appointed?
to the 11 districts he created
193
who were the levellers?
a religious group who believed in equality and spread the idea of votes for all men and a more equal society - politically radical, also wanted a reform to political representation for the men who had fought in the new model army
194
which town did Cromwell lay siege to in Ireland?
Drogheda
195
what happened in Drogheda?
- Olly laid siege to it
- townspeople surrendered
- Olly kept killing them - including women and children
196
what is a commonwealth?
a term for a political community founded for the common good
197
what were the ideas of the levellers?
- abolition of church tithes
- ending of monopolies
- free speech
- political rights of women
- annual parliaments
- no one should be above justice
198
when was the battle of Marston Moor?
1644
199
who won the battle of Marston Moor?
the parliamentarians
200
what was banned to ensure that the commonwealth was 'godly'?
sinful activities
201
did Cromwell end up with more or less power than Charles?
more
202
who was the leader of the new model army?
John Lilburne
203
when did Cromwell meet with Lilburne?
during the Putney debates in 1647
204
when did olly die?
1658
205
who took over after Olly died?
his son, Richard
206
when did Richard Cromwell resign?
1659
207
who took over after Richard Cromwell and when?
Charles II, in 1660
208
what happened to Cromwell's body after Charles II was crowned?
it was dug up and hung in Tyburn, his head was placed on a spike where it stayed for decades
209
how did most people feel about having a king back on the throne?
most were happy
210
what law was passed in 1689?
a law completely limiting the power of the king
211
when was the law limiting the power of the king passed?
1689
212
how did English society change under the commonwealth?
it became more equal and ordered because of Puritanism
213
what religion had been banned from England in 1290?
the Jewish
214
who did Cromwell invite back into England?
the Jewish
215
how was the taxation system reorganised under Cromwell?
it was reorganised to be more efficient for everyone
216
when did Cromwell take over as 'Lord Protector'?
1653
217
when was Cromwell offered the crown?
1657
218
why did Cromwell forcibly disband the rump parliament?
they failed to come up with a constitution
219
who were the diggers?
they were similar to the levellers but campaigned for land reform - believed that property was theft and that all should live by their own work on the land
220
when was the glorious revolution?
1688
221
who was overthrown in the glorious revolution?
James II
222
why was James II overthrown?
because he tried to rule in the same way as Charles I
223
what was the Glorious revolution?
essentially an invasion by William of Orange who claimed the throne through his wife Mary (he was only allowed to be king if he agreed to rule through the parliament)
224
how did the power of the parliament change after the glorious revolution?
parliament became ever-more powerful, kings would never be able to do anything without consulting it again, and in the following century, Prime ministers, parties, and the sovereignty of Parliament were established
225
what kind of crops did the British use the colonies to grow?
cotton, tobacco, and sugar
226
what is an indentured servant?
a person who paid for their passage to a new country by signing a contrat stating that they would work for a set period of time; indentured servitude was usually voluntary but was sometimes used as a form of punishment
227
how many separate English colonies were there in America by the early 1700s?
13
228
what was the population of settlers and enslaved people in America by 1775?
around 2.5 million
229
why did countries (like Britain) want an empire?
because they could tax the people who lived in the colonies, and ensure that they bought British goods
230
did the colonists in America view themselves as British or American?
they began to view themselves as American despite being of British descent
231
how did the american colonists feel about the economic support they had to give to Britain?
they began to resent it
232
why did the British think it was acceptable that the Americans pay tax for the army?
because the army 'protected' the colonists from other foreign powers, but the colonists objected
233
when was the stamp tax passed?
1765
234
what was the stamp tax of 1765?
a tax on documents such as legal papers and newspapers
235
how did the american colonists respond to the stamp tax and how did they feel about it?
they were unhappy about it and responded to it by rioting
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what did the navigation acts ensure in the american colonies?
they ensured that only British goods were imported into america. there could be no trading with other countries. If britain produced something, the colonists could not buy it from another country
237
were the colonists consulted in the agreements made about boundaries with the indigenous americans?
no, and they felt bossed around because of it - they wanted more of a say
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what were the overall long term causes of the american revolution?
- Americans resented paying for the British army's presence in North America
- Navigation acts (passed in mid 1600s but still in force) meant that colonists could only trade with Britain
- Colonists disagreed with land boundaries that the British had agreed on with the Native Americans
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what was one of the main sayings of the colonists and what did it mean?
no taxation without representation - they felt it was unfair that they had to pay taxes but had no representation in parliament in London, and they wanted a say in how they were governed
240
when was the Boston Massacre?
5th March 1770
241
what happened at the Boston massacre?
- some anti-British colonists jeered and threw snowballs at the British army
- the army opened fire and killed five of them
242
when was the Boston Tea party?
16th December 1773
243
what happened in the Boston Tea Party?
- the colonists were unhappy about the heavily taxed tea they were forced to buy
- they boarded a ship and poured the tea out into the harbour
- this scared the British
- they closed the port of Boston in retaliation
244
when was the Lexington incident?
1775
245
what happened in the Lexington incident?
British army tried to seize a supply of gunpowder in Concord and they were fired on by 20,000 'minutemen' - marked the start of the revolution against the British
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who were the 'minutemen'?
local farmers, clerks, and ploughboys who had had enough of the British rule
247
what were the medium term causes of the american revolution?
- the americans were ruled from Britain yet they had no representatives in the British parliament
- Stamp tax was very unpopular
- they were unhappy at paying taxes without having a say in them
248
what were the short term causes of the American Revolution?
- 1770 Boston Massacre
- 1773 Boston Tea Party
- 1775 Lexington incident (the start of the revolution)
249
how many British convicts were sent to colonial america?
50,000
250
what was one use of North America as a colony for the British?
a penal colony
251
who did the American colonists make their leader for their army?
George Washington
252
when was a declaration of independence issued?
1776
253
where was the declaration of independence issued?
Philadelphia
254
what did the declaration of independence state?
that all 13 colonies were free and that all control from Britain had ended - echoed Magna Carta
255
how many years of fighting did it take for the Americans to gain their independence?
7
256
where were most of the battles fought during the american revolution?
in forest and mountain areas, in land that the British did not know well
257
what was the decisive battle of the American revolution?
the battle of Yorktown
258
when was the battle of Yorktown?
1781
259
how many extra men did the Americans reinforce their army with for the battle of Yorktown?
3000
260
whose support did the Americans have for the Battle of Yorktown?
the French's
261
who had secured control over the waters around Yorktown during the battle?
the French
262
why was it important that the French had secured control over the waters around Yorktown during the battle?
because the British needed to get their supplies in from the sea
263
who was the British Commander during the Battle of Yorktown?
Charles Cornwallis
264
where did Cornwallis move his troops during the Battle of Yorktown?
onto a peninsula - a weak position
265
what happened at the battle of Yorktown?
Cornwallis moved his men onto a peninsula to await supplies which put them in a weak position. Washington attacked the British and they were forced to surrender as they had few weapons and no supplies. this was the end of the War of Independence
266
what did the victory of the War of Independence show?
it showed what could be achieved by a group with a clear cause against an opponent who underestimates the group's ability
267
who was Thomas Paine?
he wrote a pamphlet, 'common sense' which argued the case for american independence
268
who was John Adams?
one of the leaders of the independence movement
269
who was John Wilkes?
he introduced the first ever Bill arguing for parliamentary reform in 1776
270
what were the consequences of the american revolution for america?
- they set up their own system of government with a constitution, congress, and a president
- the system still exists today
- poor people didn't get the vote despite the declaration stating that 'all men are created equal'
- African americans, indigenous americans and women also could not vote
- slavery still existed and Native Americans were still discriminated against
- by the early twentieth century, America had developed into the most powerful country in the world
271
were all the people of america happy with the outcome of the war of independence?
no, many moved to Canada, which was still under the control of Britain
272
what were the consequences of the american revolution for Britain?
- relations with France worsened after the war because of the French's support for the americans
- Britain used Australia and New Zealand as new penal countries
- India became the most important colony - the 'jewel in the crown'
- Britain had to deal with its growing working class population who might like the idea of overthrowing authority
- britain had spent a lot of money on the war
- britain lost a lot of men during the war
- relations with America improved as the years went on and the two countries started to trade with each other
273
what were the consequences of the American revolution for the world?
- the American revolution inspired the French revolution and King Louis XVI was executed
- the French revolution inspired the working class in Britain and other countries to demand voting rights and better representation
274
what were the overall consequences of the american revolution?
- the first time any colony had deliberately rejected rule by a European country
- reaffirmed belief in democratic ideas, in freedom of the individual and of basic human rights
- generated more support for radicals in Britain
- sparked a huge debate about the rationale for having an empire
- Britain was not ruined economically by the loss of the american colonies, quickly replaced it with trade with Canada and India
