germany chapter 3 Flashcards
only doing chap 4 + 5, add 6 later
what were left wing beliefs?
- workers should have power and rule the country as a collection of workers
- equality, no classes, not much difference in wealth
- change is good
what were right-wing beliefs?
- strong leader should rule over others
- there should be class systems with differences in wealth between people
- own country should be powerful with an empire
- change is not good
who led the Kapp Putsch?
Wolfgang Kapp
when was the Kapp Putsch?
March 1920
what was the Kapp Putsch?
- Kapp gathered 5000 freidkorps and took over Berlin
- he wanted to take over the whole country eventually
what were the reactions to the Kapp Putsch?
- Ebert and the rest of the gov fled from Berlin
- didn’t have support of the workers so they went on strike (so mo gas, water, electricity, or trains)
- after 100hours as Germany’s new leader, Kapp fled abroad
- Ebert + gov returned to Berlin
where was the Red Rising?
in the Ruhr
what happened in the Red Rising?
- left-wing workers in the industrial area (Ruhr) stayed on strike, rose up, and took over several towns after Kapp fled
how did the gov deal with the Red Rising?
- they sent soldiers and Freidkorps to deal with it and they killed over 1000 workers
how many political murders were there between 1919 and 1922?
over 350 (mostly carried out by right wing extremists)
who was shot dead in August 1921?
Matthias Erzberger
who was Matthias Erzberger?
the man who signed the armistice in 1918
when was Matthias Erzberger killed?
August 1921
who shot Matthias Erzberger?
by right-wing group
who was the foreign minister who was killed?
Walter Rathenau
who got acid thrown on them?
Philip Scheidemann
who was Philip Schneidemann?
an important politician in the Weimar gov
what was the average prison sentence for the right-wing murderers?
four years
what did Hitler mainly do during the war?
he mainly worked as a messenger and fought in many battles
what awards was Hitler given?
he was given many awards, including Germany’s highest bravery award
when was Hitler injured?
1918, he was still in the military hospital when the war ended
when did Hitler discover the German Workers’ party (the nazis)?
May 1919
what was the newspaper Hitler convinced the party to buy?
the Munich Observer
what symbol did Hitler design?
the swastika
who set up the Stormtroopers (SA)?
Hitler
who were the SA?
a group of thugs who would beat up anyone who disagreed with Hitler, mainly made up of ex-soldiers
what did the SA wear?
brown uniforms with swastika armbands
what did the SA do to other parties?
they would disrupt their meetings
what did Hitler change the name of the German workers’ party to?
the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) - the Nazi party for short
how many members did the nazis have in 1920?
3000
how many members did the nazis have in 1921?
5000
when was the Munich Putsch?
8th November 1923
what did Hitler do in the Munich Putsch?
he interrupted a meeting in a beer hall in munich where Gustav Von Kahr (the head of the Bavarian gov) was speaking, and fired a bullet into the ceiling and announced he was taking over, and locked Kahr and his men in a small room
who was the head of the bavarian gov?
Gustav Von Kahr
who was General Ludendorff?
a German war hero
what did General Ludendorff do during the Munich Putsch?
he walked in and said he supported Hitler (he knew about the plan of the uprising)
what did the stormtroopers do during the Munich Putsch?
they took control of gov buildings and arrested officials around Munich
what happened the morning after the Munich Putsch?
- kahr promised to help hitler so he was released but he went and called the police
- when hitler and his 2000 supporters began to march through Munich, they were met with police
how many nazis were killed the morning after the Munich Putsch?
16
how many policemen were killed the morning after the Munich Putsch?
three
what happened to hitler the day after the Munich Putsch?
he got a dislocated shoulder and was taken to prison (with Ludendorff), and he went on trial for treason
how long did Hitler’s trial last?
24 days
what happened to Ludendorff on his trial?
he was set free
how long was Hitler sent to prison for?
five years
when was hitler released from prison and how long did he actually serve?
December 1924, only served 9 months
what strategy did Hitler realise he had to use after he went to prison?
he realised they’d have to get into power through elections legally not by force
what was Gustav Stresemann’s job?
briefly chancellor in 1923, but best know for his work as foreign minister 1924-1929 (when he died)
what was Stresemann’s solution to hyperinflation?
he stopped the printing of the old paper money and replaced it with a temporary, new currency called the Rentenmark, which could be exchanged for the old currency. in 1924 the Rentenmark was replaced with the Reichmark - a stable currency that remained for 25 years
was Stresemann’s solution to hyperinflation a success?
yes, the Germans accepted the new currency and hyperinflation was stopped, but people never got their savings back and blamed Stresemann and his gov
what was Stresemann’s solution to the French + Belgian invasion of the Ruhr?
He met with American VP (Charles Dawes) and made a deal (the Dawes Plan); USA would lend money to Germany (800mill gold marks) so they could pay reparations
was Stresemann’s solution to the French + Belgian invasion of the Ruhr successful?
yes, their troops left the Ruhr but some Germans felt Stresemann should’ve pushed for the end of reparations
what was the Young Plan?
signed in 1929, Stresemann negotiated the reparations down to £1.8bill rather than £6.6bill and Germany was given longer to pay it
what was Stresemann’s solution to improving Germany’s image abroad?
he worked hard to improve relationships with other countries. Germany signed the Locarno Pact and the Kellogg-Briand pact and joined the LoN
what was the Locarno pact?
signed in 1925, Germany, Belgium, Britain, France, and Italy promised not to invade each other
when did Germany join the LoN?
1926
what was the Kellogg-Briand pact?
signed in 1928, the participating countries promised tp never go to war unless as an act of defence
was Stresemann successful in improving Germany’s image?
Germany regained its international status and became an important part of the LoN but some right-winger’s criticised him for not demanding back the land Germany had lost
what was Stresemann’s solution to improving Germany’s industry?
he used some of the loan money from the Dawes plan to rebuild fatories, houses, schools, and roads so more Germans could get a job so they earned more money. some American factories were built in germany as well
was Stresemann successful in improving Germany’s industry?
yes, slowly Germany became more prosperous however some Germans (and Stresemann himself) was worried they were too reliant on the USA’s loans
how much did the sales of radios increase from 1926 to 1932?
from one million to four million
were there any attempts to overthrow the gov during 1924-1929?
no, Stresemann was too good at his job
what were the remaining issues in 1924-1929?
- proportional rep
- extremist parties
- large groups in germany that were still struggling (farmers + middle classes - savings)
- Germany’s prosperity was based on USA loans
what percentage of Germans voted for the Nazis in 1924 and 1928?
1924: 5%
1928: 2%
what areas of German culture changed/improved in the 1920s?
cinema, nightlife, literature, art, and design
who was a famous actress from Germany in the 1920s?
Marlene Dietrich
what was one of the most technically advanced films of the 1920s?
Metropolis - directed by Fritz Lang
what changed about nightlife in the 1920s?
germany became a centre for new plays, operas and theatre shows. the musicians played vulgar songs which would’ve been banned by the Kaiser and Germany became famous for their nightclubs which played live American Jazz. some clubs provided dancers who looked naked or put on ‘transvestite’ evenings (cross-dressing)
what was a famous opera in the 1920s?
Kurt Weill’s the threepenny opera, adapted by Bertolt Brecht
how many newspapers and magazines could people choose from in the 1920s?
120
what was a popular German anti-war novel from the 1920s?
All Quiet on the Western Front - Erich Remarque (sold half a mill copies in 3 months)
what was art like in Germany in the 1920s?
more Avant-garde artists who believed art should show the reality of every day life
who were two famous avant-garde artists from the 1920s?
Otto Dix and George Grosz
what design trend became popular in the 1920s?
Bauhaus
what were the opinions about the cultural shift in Germany in the 1920s?
some embraced it but others hated it and believed they should embrace old traditions. they felt Germany was becoming morally corrupt (the nazis believed this as well)
