Portugal- Ai Flashcards
What is the name of the classifications for Portuguese wine?
DOP- Denominacao de Origen Protegida or IGP- Indicacao Geographica Protegida
When was Madeira archipelago discovered?
Discoved in 1419
When was the Treaty of Windsor and why was this important to the Portuguese wine industry?
The Treaty of Windsor was signed by Portugal with England to establish a diplomatic alliance that would pave the way for extensive trade between the two kingdoms. Portugal emerged from the Middle Ages with great interest in maritime trading routes and exploration and developed the first great navy in Europe.
In which century did Port start getting fortified?
When the English discovered Port in 1678 and started shipping port to England. To prevent spoilage Port started to get fortified throughout the 1700s.
When was most Madeira first fortified?
By the middle of the 18th century, British wine merchants developed a prosperous colonial trade with North America and Brazil.
When did Spanish Sherry overtake Port as the English’s wine of choice?
By the late 1800s
When did phylloxera enter the Douro?
1867
Which regions of Portugal were first delimitated in 1929 with Regiao Demarcada?
Madeira, Dao, Vinho Verde
What was the Junta Nacional do Vinhos?
An organization that was founded in 1937 to revamp the Portugeuse wine industry and consolidated small vineyards into a network of larger co-operatives. Wine quality suffered.
What is the name of the DOC system in Portugal?
Denominacao de Origem Protegida- changed in 2009 to DOP from DOC to retain EU protection
What are the three tiers of classification of Portugeuse wine?
DOP- Denominacao de Origem Protegida
IGP- Indicacao Geografica Protegida
IG- Indicacao Geografica (can also be called VR, Vinhos Regional writhing Portugal)
Vinho de Mesa- lowest quality and wines that don’t meet any of the other criteria
What does “Garrafeira” indicate on a bottle of Portuguese wine? .
Minimum time of aging prior to release.
Reds: 30 months with 12 in bottle (guild site also states 36 months)
White/Rose: 12 months with 6 in bottle
In Porto this indicates for Niepoort several years aging in barrel and eight years in Demi john
What does “Garrafeira” indicate on a bottle of Niepoort port?
Aged three years in barrel and then 8 years in glass demijohns.
What does “Reserva” indicate on a bottle of Portugeuse wine?
Alcohol content of at least .5% higher than the legal minimum of the DOP or IGP.
What is the number 1 planted grape in Portugal?
Castelao
Bical Tinto and Mortagua Preto are synonyms for which grape?
Castelao
What is the most planted grape of Bairrada?
Fernão Pires which is an early-ripening, aromatic grape.
What is the white grape that is most planted in Dao?
Encruzado
What is the main grape of Bucelas?
Arinto
What is main white grape of Alentejano?
Antao Vaz
What is the soil type found in Vinho Verde?
Shallow, granitic soils
What is the most heavily planted white grape in Vinho Verde?
Loureiro
What is the main red grape of Vinho Verde?
Vinhao which is a teinturier grape. Espadeiro, Borracal and Alvarelhao are other red grapes.
What is the name of the mountains in the Douro region?
Marao and Montemuro Mountains
Which subregion of Douro has the most plantings?
The Baixo Corgo which is to the west has the highest density of plantings but the Cima Corgo has the highest total acreage.
Douro table wines can be released in which styles???
White, rosado or red. Can also make licoroso and sparkling. style wines.
To be labeled “Reserva,” what must be true of a Douro wine?
Wines must achieve a minimum alcohol of 11.5% for reds and 12% for white and rose, which is 1% higher than the standard for the appellation.
White wines must be aged for six months, and red wines aged for one year.
How can a wine from the Douro be labeled “grand reserva?”
The wine qualifies for the Reserva category, in addition to being scored exceptionally well in a blind tasting analysis.
Where would port barrels traditionally be shipped from to Porto?
Shipped from Pinhao in the Cima Corgo downriver to Vila Nova de Gaia. Shipped on Barco Rabelo ships.
Where is Quinta do Vale Meao located?
In the Douro Superior. This was previously the source of fruit for Barca Velha and has now become one of the region’s cult stars.
Where is Bairrada located and what is the subzone of it?
Located within Beira Atlantico IGP, and is Coast a. Terras do Sico is the subzone.
What is Tavora-Varosa DOP known for?
Within the Terras de Cister. Sparkling wines both red and white, along with still wines in white, rose and red. Alvarelhao and Malvasia Fina are the top two grapes.
Soil: Granite
What is the elevation and soil type of Bairrada?
Soils are lime-rich clay. Bairrada
Red wines from Bairrada are which grapes?
Min 85% combined Baga (min 50%), Alfroncheiro, Camarate, Castelao, Jaen and Touriga Nacional.
White wines from Bairrada are made from which grapes?
Arinto, Bical, Cercial, Chardonnay, Fernão Pires, Pinot Blanc, Rabossa de Ovelha, Sauvignon, Sercealinho, Verdelho.
What does “Classico” indicate in Bairrada?
Native grapes used. This is used on red wines. Means the wines are 12.5% alcohol instead of 11%
What are the subzones of Beira Interior?
There are three: Beira Castelo Rodrigo, Cova da Beira, Pinhel
What does the term “Colheita Seleccionada” indicate on a bottle of wine from Portugal?
This term is used to indicate and extra percentage of alcohol than the regional minimum.
Describe the climate and terroir of the Dao region?
Dao is shielded from the harsh winds of the continental interior, yet it is insulated from the wet, cool, maritime weather systems coming from the coast. The region is hot and dry in the growing season, but receives adequate rainfall in the cold winter months. Altitude helps preserve acidity, and the best vineyards are between 400-500 meters. The soils are granite.
What are the 7 subregions of the Dao?
Serra de Estrela Alva Besteiros Castendo Silgueiros Terras de Azurara Terras de Senhorim
What are the main grapes of the Dao region?
White, Rose and red is permitted here as well as sparkling. Main grapes are Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Touriga Franca, Alfroncheiro, Argonez, Bastardo, Rueter, Trinadeira, Tinta Cao, Encruzado, Bical, Cercial.
What does “Nobre” indicate on a bottle from Dao?
Both red and white wines may carry this designation. Red no red wines must contain a minimum of 15% Touriga and a max of 85% Jaen, Rufete, Alfroncheiro, and Argonez. White nobre wines must contain a minimum 15% encruzado and a maz of 85% Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina and Verdelho. They undergo one year of aging prior to release and must contain 11.5% alcohol. With an additional aging and an extra half degree of alcohol nobre wines may also be labeled Reserva or Garrafeira.
How does the climate differ from Dao to Bairrada?
Bairrada is to the west of Dao and experiences a rainier climate.
What two grapes make up 80% of Colares’ wines?
Ramisco and Malvasia
What is the minimum amount of Arinto required in Bucelas?
75%
Why were the grapevines of Colares traditionally planted in trenches?
To protect them from the salty marine winds.
What is “vinho abafado?”
Partially fermented must preserved with alcohol that is used to sweeten wines from Carcavelos.
Red wines from Carcavelos must be a combined minimum of 75% of which grapes?
75% Castelao and Preto Martinho
What is the required aging for Carcavelos wines?
After fortification, Carcavelos wines are aged in barrel for at least two years followed by at least 6 months in the bottle. The wines are fermented dry and then fortified and sweetened.
What style of wine is produced in Carcavelos?
These red or white wines wines are fermented dry, fortified and sweetened with “Vinho Abafado.” Red wines must be 75% Castelao and Preto Martinho.
They are also required to age in barred two years and bottle 6 months.
What is chao rija?
This is the second soil type found in Colares. It is a harder soil type than the sandy soil where Ramisco and Malvasia are planted. Castelao is planted on these soils which are father inland. Chao area is the other soil which is sandy soils where the white grapes flourish.
What is the blend required for red wines from Colares?
Red wines are required to be a minimum of 75% Castelao and Preto Martinho.
What was the Peninsula de Setúbal formerly known as?
The Terras do Sado
What is the climate in the Peninsula de Setúbal and what are the climatic influences?
The climate is Mediterranean here. It is affected be the Tagus and Sado estuaries and also the Atlantic Coast.
Where woul you find the Arrabida Mountains?
Within the Palmela DOP in the Peninsula de Setúbal.
What are the soil types found in Palmela DOP?
This is within the Peninsula de Setúbal, there are two distinct areas: low-lying, sandy plains, and the clay-limestone lower slopes of the Arabia Mountains. The sandy plains are better for Castelao which is the region’s premier grape.
Describe the terroir of the Tejo IGP
Tejo is landlocked and surrounded by Lisboa to the west, Beira to the north, Alentejano to the east, and the Peninsula de Setúbal to the south. The Tagus River flows through the alluvial plains of the fertile region, which like Lisboa is known for bulk production.
Coruche, Chamusca, Cartaxo, Santarem, Tomar and Almeirim are all subregions of which DOP?
DoTejo within the Tejo IGP.
What is the largest IGP in Portugal in terms of area?
Alentejano covers 30% of Portugal’s landmass.
What is the southernmost IGP on the Portuguese mainland?
The Algarve IGP
What is the permitted pressure for Minho wines?
1-3 bars for red, white and rose wines.
In which subregion of Vinho Verde is varietal Alvarinho made?
In Monaco e Melgaco
Chavez, Valpacos, Planalto Mirandes are all subzones of which region?
Tras-os-Montes
What percentage of alcohol would a Vinho Licoroso be from Tras-os-Montes?
16.5%
Sparkling wines from Tras-os-Montes have which aging terms?
Reserva: 12-14 months
Extra Reserve: 24-36 months
Reserva Velha/Grand Reserva- min 3 years on the lees
What is the term for the longest-aged sparkling wine (on it’s lees) from Tras-os-Montes?
Grand Reserve which is a minimum of 3 years on the lees.
What are the subregions of the Douro from west to east?
Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo, Douro Superior
What is the aging and alcohol requirement for Moscatel do Douro?
This is a fortified licoroso style wine from Douro DOP and not Porto DOP. Must be 16.5% alcohol and must be aged for 18 months.
What style of wine are permitted for production in Douro DOP?
Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Espumante, Licoroso (Moscatel do Douro)
What are the minimum RS requirements for the different sweetness levels for Porto?
Extra Seco: 17.5-40g/l Seco: 40-65g/l Meio Seco: 65-85gl/l Dolce: 85-130g/l Muito Dolce: more than 130g/l
What is the term for the sweetest style of Port?
Muito Dolce which is minimum 130g/l
When may vintage Port be bottled? When may it be sold?
Vintage Port may be sold from May 1 of the second year, it must be bottled by July 30 third year after harvest.
How long must LBV Port be aged for?
LBV Port must be aged for four years in cast and bottled before 12/31 the 6th year after harvest. Wines that age an additional 3 years may be labeled “Envelhicido Em Garrafa.”
What does the term “Envelhicido em garrafa” indicate on a bottle of Port?
This is a LBV port that has been aged an additional 3 years past the minimum required which is 4.
What is a Colheita Tawny Port?
Tawny wines from a single vintage that are aged for 7 years in cask.
What does “Velho” indicate on a bottle of Port?
That the wines are 10-30 years old. This is not a vintage port.
What does “Muito Velho” indicate on a bottle of Port?
Literally means “very old,” wines are over 40 years old.
What do the terms “Reserva/Reserve” indicate on a bottle of Port?
Used for Ruby Port, these are wines that don’t carry a minimum age, but if accompanied by “Tawny” the wine must be aged in cask for 7 years.
In which IGP is Tavora-Varosa DOP located?
In the Terras de Cister IGP
What wine styles are permitted in Tavora-Varosa DOP?
White, Rose, Red, Sparkling
What is the soil type found in Tavora-Varosa?
Granite soil.
What is the subzone of Beira Atlantico IGP?
Terras de Sico
What styles of wine are permitted in Beira Atlantico?
All three colors plus Frisante and Espumante
What does the term “Classico” indicate on a bottle of Bairrada wine?
For reds it inticates 12.5% alcohol rather than 11.5%, and also it only may be Baga, Alfroncheiro, Camarate, Castelao, Jean and Touriga which are fewer grapes than permitted for regular Bairrada reds.
What wine styles are permitted in Bairrada DOP?
All three colors plus sparkling.
What is the subregion of Terras do Dao IGP?
Terras de Lafoes
Alva Besteiros Castendo Serra da Estrella Silgueiros Terras da Azurara Terras de Senhorim
Are all subregions where?
Dao DOP
What styles are permitted in Dao DOP?
All three colors
Novo- Nouveau
Espumante
What are the quality terms used for white and red wines in Dao?
Nobre, reserva and garrafeira
What is the soils type of the Dao?
Granite
Red and white wines must be what percentage combined of the primary grapes?
85% combined primary grapes.
What percentage minimum of Touriga Nacional is required for Dao DOP wines?
15%
What term would be on the bottle for a red wine from Dao that is aged the longest?
Tinto Nobre Garrafeira which is 12.5% alcohol and is aged for 48 months with 18 months in the bottle.
Tinto Reserva wine from Dao is aged for how long?
Aged for 24 months before release. No wood specified here or anywhere in Dao. Must be 11.5% alcohol minimum.
What are the aging times for Dao wines: Tinto Reserva Tinto Garrafeira Tinto Nobre Tinto Nobre Garrafeira
Tinto Reserva- 11.5% alcohol- 24 months
Tinto Garrafeira 11.5% alcohol- 36 months (12 in a bottle)
Tinto Nobre- 12% alcohol 36 months
Tinto Nobre Reserva 12.5%- 42 months
Tinto Nobre Garrafeira 12.5% 48 months, 18 in bottle.
How long must Branco Nobre Garrafeira age before release?
18 months with 9 in the bottle.
What wine styles are permitted in Lafoes?
Only Branco and Tinto
What does “Seleccao” indicate on a bottle of wine from Beira Interior?
It is an extra percentage of alcohol and required aging time. For white 6 months aging and reds 12 months.
What is “Tinto Palhete” in Beira Interior DOP?
It is a wine style that is red wine which incorporates 15% white grapes.
What percentage of primary grapes must make up the blend for Beira Interior wines?
80% combined
What are the subzones of Lisboa IGP?
Estremadura and Alta Estremadura
Ourem and Alcobaca are subzones of which DOP?
Encostas d’Aire DOP
What styles of wine are permitted in Encostas d’Aire DOP?
All three colors and also “Medieval de Ourem”. Which is 80%. Fernão Pires and 20% Trincadeira.
What is the maximum beneficio rating?
2361- this is the max score. 1200 is the minimum score for “A”
A beneficio rating of 1000 would be rated what?
B
What is the max percentage of international varieties permitted in Dao?
40%
What are the three DOPs of the Azores?
Pico, Biscoitos and Graciosa
Which subzone of Vinho Verde cannot be put on a bottle?
Sousa
What is the soonest date that a bottle of Madeira can be sold?
October 31 the second year following harvest
What is the minimum aging time in Estufagem for Madeira?
12 months.
What does “Seleccionada” mean on a bottle of Madeira?
Minimum aging of threee years in tank or cask, but no more than 5 years.
How long has wine been being made in Portugal?
Since 2000 BC
When did the Phoenicians arrive in Portugal?
By the 10th century BC
When was the Douro Wine Company formed?
1756
Name several white grapes of Vinho Verde
Alvarinho, Arinto, Avesta, Azal, Barocca, Loureiro, Trajedura
Name some red grapes of Vinho Verde
Amtrak, Azal Tinto, Berra always, Brancelho, Espadeiro, Padeiro, Pedral, Rabo de Ovelha, Vinhao
What is the minimum alcohol of Vinho Verde? How about is a subzone is mentioned?
8% or 9% if a subzone is mentioned. If it is varietal Albarinho it it 11.5%
Who is Fernando Nicolau de Almeida?
He was an oenologist who worked at Ferreira and first produced dry wines from the Douro region. He launched Barca Velha.
Name the 7 most important red grapes for Port
Touriga Tinta Roriz Touriga Franca Tinta Cao Tinta Barroca Tinta Amarela Sousao
Name some white port varietals
Gouveio Malvasia Fina Viosinho Rabigato Esgana Cao Folgasao
What percentage of a Port house’s inventory can be sold each year?
1/3
What is the maximum beneficio rating?
2,361 for an “A” grade
What does the term “Envelhicido Em Garrafa” indicate on a bottle of Port?
This equals 3 additional years of bottle age for a LBV Port which has spent 4-6 years in cask.
What is the latest that a vintage Port may be bottled?
Must be bottled by July 30th the 3rd year after harvest.
What is Garrafeira Port?
This is Port from a single year which is aged in wood for a short time and longer in glass Demi-johns. After 20-40 years its decanted and bottled.
What is the most planted red grape in the Douro?
Touriga Francesca
What is the oldest winery that is still in production in the Douro?
Croft, founded in 1588
What are the eight regions within Beiras?
Dao Bairrada Beira Interior Lafoes Távora-Varosa Encostas da Nave Encostas d’Aire Terras do Dao
A red Garrafeira wine from Dao is aged for how long?
36 months total with 12 in bottle. There are no wood requirements in Dao.
How long must a Branco Garrafeira wine from Dao be aged?
12 months total with 6 in bottle.
When was Dao first demarcated?
In 1908, on of the first Regiao to be demarcated.
What are the subregions of Dao?
Alva Besteiros Castendo Serrada Estrela Silgueiros Terras da Azurara Terras de Senhorim
What is the required encepagement for red and white wines from Dao?
Must be 85% combined Touriga, Alfroncheiro, Argonez, Jaen, Rufete. There must be a minimum of 15% Touriga. For whites, it must be 85% Encruzado, Bical, Corsica, Malvasia Fina, Verdelho with a minimum of 15% Encruzado.
What is the climate of Dao?
This region is protected from the harsh winds of the interior, but insulated from the cool, wet maritime weather systems from the coast. The elevation is 400-500 meters with abundant granitic soils. The Serra da Estrela mountain range is the highest here in the DOC.
What is the minimum amount of Baga required in Bairrada wines?
Must be 50% Baga for reds plus Touriga, Camarate, Castelao, Jaen, Alfroncheiro.
Who was responsible for first planting Terras de Cister?
Named for the Cistercian monks who planted this region.
Describe the terroir of Terras de Cister
This region is up over the mountains to the south of the Douro. The altitude is 550 meters, with granite and schist soils. The nights are cool. This was the first region to be demarcated for sparkling wine in Portugal. Chardonnay, Pinot and Malvasia Fina all do well here.
What are the DOCs within Lisboa?
Encostas d’Aire Óbidos Lourinhã Torres Vedras Alenquer Arruda Bucelas Colares
What is the minimum requirement of Arinto in Bucelas DOC?
75% plus sercial and Rabo de Ovelha
What is the major white and red grape of Colares?
Ramisco is the red and Malvasia de Colares is the white.
What is the unique form of viticulture in Colares?
Growers dig trenches in the sandy soil to get to the chalky clay below. As the vines grow taller, growers gradually fill in the sand. The salty wind is very bad for the vines so growers plant apple trees and fences and barriers for protection. Grapevines are also splinted up off the ground.
Describe what these three terms represent:
Paredes
Murinhos
Currais
Paredes or murinhos are the unique stone walls made from volcanic rock on the island of Pico in the Azores. The term currais refers to the vineyard plots. This has been named a World Heritage Site.
What does Colheita Seleccionada mean on a bottle of wine from Portugal?
Indicates 1% higher alcohol than the minimum from the region.
What is the minimum alcohol range for Madeira?
17-22%
What is the ratio for adding aguardente to port?
1:4 ratio addition of a 77% alcohol.
What is the highest point in Portugal?
Ponta do Pico on the island of Pico in the Azores is 2,350 meters tall. It’s a volcano.
What is the climate of Bucelas?
Bucelas is on of the more inland areas of the long Lisboa region. Bucelas is protected from the harsher influences of the Atlantic by the Serra de Montejunto hills which run north from Lisbon, giving a more drier and consistent growing season.
What are four things that the Douro Wine Company regulated when it was first founded?
Regulated grape prices
Fixed prices on finished wines
Managed exports
Monopolized the sale of Portugeuse brandy (aguardente) used in the fortification process.
When did phylloxera enter the Douro?
1867
What was the Junta National do Vinhos?
Founded in 1937, this was an organization that revamped the Portuguese wine industry which consolidated small vineyards into a network of larger co-ops. It wasn’t until 1986 and entrance into the EU that the co-ops lost their power.
In Dao, if a nobre wine has an extra .5% alcohol, how can it be labeled?
It can also be labeled “Reserva,” or “Garrafeira.” Garraffeira in Dao is the same aging requirements, but the minimum alcohol is raised from 11% to 11.5%
What are the main white grapes of Vinho Verde?
Loureiro, Treixadura, Avesso, Pedera (Arinto), and Alvarinho.
What are the major red grapes of Vinho Verde?
Vinhao, Espadeiro, Borracal and Alvarelhao
Which region is across the river from Rias Baixas’ Condado do Tea reigion?
Moncao e Melgaco which is why the region specializes in varietal Alvarinho which is known to be top quality.
How do the red wines of Vinho Verde get their light sparkle?
From malolactic fermentation in the bottle.
What is a late harvest wine called in the Douro?
Colheita Tardia
What is the climate and terroir of the Dao?
Sheltered by three mountain ranges, the Dao is partially protected from the harsh winds of the continental interior, yet insulated from the wet, cool maritime weather systems coming in from the coast. The region is hot and dry in the growing season, but receives adequate rainfall in the winter months. Altitude helps preserve acidity and the best vineyards are between 400-500 meters.
How does the climate of Bairrada differ from the Dao?
Bairrada is to the west of the Dao, and experiences a milder, rainier climate.
What is Godello known as in Portugal? Where is this grape most planted?
Gouveio, planted mostly in the Douro Valley
Which is the most inland of the Vinho Verde subregions?
Basto. Has the harshest climate and the highest rainfall also.
What does “Vinho Verde” mean?
Means “young wine,” not “green wine” as most people commonly think of it.
What color are these grapes? Espadeiro, Padeiro, Vinhao?
All are red, these are the major red grapes used in Vinho Verde.
What is the average rainfall in Vinho Verde?
47 inches!
Major white grape varietals for Vinho Verde?
Alvarinho, Avesso, Azal, Arinto, Loureiro, Trajadura
Which subregion of Vinho Verde focuses on the Loureiro grape?
Lima
