PNEUMONIA Flashcards
Types of microbes that can cause pneumonia
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
CURB-65 score parameters
Confusion
Uremia >7mmol/l
Respiratory rate > 30 in adults and >50 in children
Blood pressure, systolic<90 or diastolic<60
Age <5yrs or >65yrs
Different approaches managing pneumonia patient based on their CURB65 scores
0-1 outpatient management
2-3 short inpatient hospitalisation
>3 admit and consider intensive care
Additional factors that warrant hospitalisation in pneumonia patients
Comorbidities such as chronic lung disease, heart failure or renal disease
Extensive disease, multiple lobes involved
Low oxygen saturation SpO2, < 92% on room air
Severe tachycardia
4 Major types of pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia CAP
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Other types of pneumonia
Viral
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Other fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
Bacterial causes of community acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Risk factors for staph aureus CAP
Children after viral illness like measles
Diabetes
Elderly during ‘flu’ epidemics
Consitutional symptoms of pneumonia
Fever
Malaise
Chills
Sweating
Muscle aches
Respiratory symptoms of pneumonia
Productive cough
Dyspnoea
Pleuritic chest pain
Haemoptysis
Signs of pneumonia
Fever
Tachypnea
Tachychardia
Use of accessory muscles of respiration and flaring of the nasal margins
Signs of consolidation or pleural effusion on chest examination
Restlessness
Confusion
Drowsiness
Low blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry < 92%
Signs of pneumonia that occur only in children
Grunting
Lower chest wall indrawing
Complications of pneumonia
Pleural effusion
Lung abscess
Empyema
Pericardial effusion
Pericarditis
Pneumothorax
Septicemia
Adult respiratory distresssyndrome
Meningitis
Investigations conducted in pneumonia
FBC
C-reactive protein
Chest X-ray
Sputum gram stain
Sputum culture and sensitivity
Ziehl-Neelsen stain for acid-fast bacilli (to exclude TB)
Blood culture and sensitivity
Blood urea and electrolytes
First line therapy for low severity pneumonia CURB65<2 in adults
Amoxicillin 1g 8hourly for 7 days
and
Azithromycin 500mg daily for 6 days
or
Erythromycin 500mg 6 hourly for 7 days