PNEUMONIA Flashcards

1
Q

Types of microbes that can cause pneumonia

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi

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2
Q

CURB-65 score parameters

A

Confusion
Uremia >7mmol/l
Respiratory rate > 30 in adults and >50 in children
Blood pressure, systolic<90 or diastolic<60
Age <5yrs or >65yrs

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3
Q

Different approaches managing pneumonia patient based on their CURB65 scores

A

0-1 outpatient management
2-3 short inpatient hospitalisation
>3 admit and consider intensive care

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4
Q

Additional factors that warrant hospitalisation in pneumonia patients

A

Comorbidities such as chronic lung disease, heart failure or renal disease
Extensive disease, multiple lobes involved
Low oxygen saturation SpO2, < 92% on room air
Severe tachycardia

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5
Q

4 Major types of pneumonia

A

Community acquired pneumonia CAP
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Ventilator associated pneumonia

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6
Q

Other types of pneumonia

A

Viral
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Other fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients

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7
Q

Bacterial causes of community acquired pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

Risk factors for staph aureus CAP

A

Children after viral illness like measles
Diabetes
Elderly during ‘flu’ epidemics

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9
Q

Consitutional symptoms of pneumonia

A

Fever
Malaise
Chills
Sweating
Muscle aches

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10
Q

Respiratory symptoms of pneumonia

A

Productive cough
Dyspnoea
Pleuritic chest pain
Haemoptysis

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11
Q

Signs of pneumonia

A

Fever
Tachypnea
Tachychardia
Use of accessory muscles of respiration and flaring of the nasal margins
Signs of consolidation or pleural effusion on chest examination
Restlessness
Confusion
Drowsiness
Low blood oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry < 92%

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12
Q

Signs of pneumonia that occur only in children

A

Grunting
Lower chest wall indrawing

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13
Q

Complications of pneumonia

A

Pleural effusion
Lung abscess
Empyema
Pericardial effusion
Pericarditis
Pneumothorax
Septicemia
Adult respiratory distresssyndrome
Meningitis

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14
Q

Investigations conducted in pneumonia

A

FBC
C-reactive protein
Chest X-ray
Sputum gram stain
Sputum culture and sensitivity
Ziehl-Neelsen stain for acid-fast bacilli (to exclude TB)
Blood culture and sensitivity
Blood urea and electrolytes

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15
Q

First line therapy for low severity pneumonia CURB65<2 in adults

A

Amoxicillin 1g 8hourly for 7 days
and
Azithromycin 500mg daily for 6 days
or
Erythromycin 500mg 6 hourly for 7 days

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15
Q

First line therapy for low severity pneumonia CURB65<2 in children

A

Amoxicillin for 7days
5-12 yrs 500mg 8hrly
1-5 yrs 250mg 8hrly
6months-1 yr 125mg 8hrly
and
Azithromycin 10mg/kg for 6 days
or
Erythromycin 6hrly for 7days
8-18yrs 250-500mg
2-8yrs 250mg
6months-2yrs 125mg

16
Q

Second line therapy for low severity pneumonia CURB65<2 in adults

A

Cefuroxime 500mg 12 hourly for 7 days
or
Doxycycline 100mg 12hourly for 7-14days

17
Q

Second line therapy for low severity pneumonia CURB65<2 in children

A

Cefuroxime
3 months-12 years; 30 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 7
days
> 12 years; 250-500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days
or
Doxycycline 100 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days

17
Q

First line treatment for Hospitalised patient: Severity score, ≥ 2 in children

A

Oxygen + IV fluids + Paracetamol+
IV Amoxicillin/Clavulanic
3 months-18 years; 30 mg/kg 8 hourly, max. 1.2 g 8 hourly for
7-10 days
< 3 months; 30 mg/kg 12 hourly for 7-10 days
+
Azithromycin oral
10 mg/kg once daily for 3-7 days

18
Q

First line treatment for Hospitalised patient: Severity score, ≥ 2 in adults

A

Oxygen + IV fluids + Paracetamol+
IV Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 1.2 g 8 hourly for 7-10 days
+
Azithromycin oral
500 mg daily for 3-7 days
or
Azithromycin IV
500 mg daily for 3 days, continue with oral to complete 7 days

18
Q

Second line treatment for Hospitalised patient: Severity score, ≥ 2 in children

A

Ceftriaxone, IV,
All ages 25 mg/kg 12 hourly (max. 75 mg/kg daily)
and
Azithromycin (IV not used in children for pneumonia, use oral

19
Q

Target for oxygen saturation

A

> 92%

19
Q

IV fluids used in pneumonia

A

Normal saline
Dextrose saline

20
Q

Second line treatment for Hospitalised patient: Severity score, ≥ 2 in adults

A

IV Ceftriaxone 2g daily for 7-10 days
and
Azithromycin IV

20
Q

Treatment for aspiration pneumonia in adults

A

IV Ceftriaxone or Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid or IV Ciprofloxacin
and
IV Metronidazole or
IV Clindamycin

21
Q

Dose for IV clindamycin in aspiration pneumonia

A

Adults
300-600 mg 6 hourly for 7 days

Children
3-6 mg/kg 6 hourly for 7 days

22
Q

Dose for IV Ceftriaxone in aspiration pneumonia

A

Adult
2 g daily for 7-10 days

Children
All ages 50-75 mg/kg/day in divided 12 hourly doses

23
Q

Dose for IV Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid in pneumonia

A

Adults
1.2 g 8 hourly for 7-10 days

Children
3 months-18 years; 30 mg/kg 8 hourly, max 1.2 g 8 hourly for
7-10 days
< 3 months; 30 mg/kg 12 hourly for 7-10 days

24
Q

Dose for IV Ciprofloxacin in pneumonia management

A

Adults
400 mg 8-12 hourly for 7 days

Children
10 mg/kg (max. 400 mg) 12 hourly for 7 days

25
Q

Dose for IV Clindamycin in pneumonia management

A

Adults
300-600 mg 6 hourly for 7 days

Children
3-6 mg/kg 6 hourly for 7 days

26
Q

Dose for IV Metronidazole in aspiration pneumonia

A

Metronidazole, IV,
Adults
500 mg 8 hourly for 7 days

Children
7.5 mg/kg 8 hourly for 7 days