PMI Lexicon of PM Terms Flashcards
A decision to take no action against a threat.
Accept
The specific requirements expected of project deliverables.
Acceptance criteria
A test in which a team of end users runs a product through its full range of use to identify potential problems.
Acceptance test
This process obtains the personnel and resources necessary for project work.
Acquisition process
An activity or task that must be completed.
Action item
This tracks an action item’s progress from creation to closure.
Action item status
The smallest unit of work necessary to complete a project work package.
Activity
An alphanumeric value by which activities can be grouped and filtered.
Activity code
A unique alphanumeric value by which an individual activity can be distinguished.
Activity identifier
A short descriptor for an activity.
Activity label
This documents all the activities necessary to complete a project.
Activity list
In this network diagram, arrows represent activities and nodes represent events or milestones.
Activity-On-Arrow (AOA)
AOA diagrams can only indicate finish-to-start relationships.
In a network diagram of this nature, nodes represent activities and arrows illustrate logical relationships between activities.
Activity-On-Node (AON)
AON diagrams can illustrate four relationship types: start-to-start, start-to-finish, finish-to-start, and finish-to-finish.
This represents the total cost incurred for work done in a given period of time.
Actual cost of work performed (ACWP)
The length of time taken to complete an activity.
Actual duration
The amount of labor performed to complete an activity. It is expressed in person-hours or similar units of work.
Actual effort
The sum of costs paid from a budget.
Actual expenditure
This measures the amount of work completed on a project. It is used to assess the comparison between project progress and project baselines and is usually stated as a percentage.
Actual progress
An approach to project management that rejects traditional, linear project management and instead accepts changing requirements and allows projects to be affected by external business environments.
Adaptive project framework (APF)
The ADF stresses flexibility in many aspects of project management and focuses on performing and evaluating project work in stages to allow room for replanning due to changing business goals, objectives, and requirements.
This refers to the set of formal requirements fulfilled to end a project. Among other things, it involves documenting the formal acceptance of deliverables and ensuring that all relevant information is sent to a project’s sponsor and stakeholders.
Administrative closure
This strategy uses demand forecasts to manage scheduling and planning for project activities between three and 18 months in advance, so that the necessary resources and personnel can be efficiently acquired or assigned.
Aggregate planning
The _________ family of methodologies is a superset of iterative development approaches aimed at meeting ever-changing customer requirements.
Agile
Agile development proceeds as a series of iterations, or sprints, with incremental improvements made in each sprint. Since agile projects do not have fixed scopes, agile methodologies are adaptive, and the iterative work is guided by user stories and customer involvement.
_________draws from concepts of agile software development.
Agile project management
Agile approaches focus on teamwork, collaboration, and stakeholder involvement, as well as the use of iterative development methods.
_____ originates from the Agile Manifesto, a set of principles that emphasizes meeting changing requirements through collaborative development and making ongoing improvements through iteration. It stresses the importance of being reactive to rapid changes in external environments.
Agile software development
The assigning of resources for scheduled activities in the most efficient way possible.
Allocation
The evaluation of possible courses of action for project work in order to find the most suitable course of action.
Alternative analysis
This technique uses historical project data to prepare time and cost estimates. It is considered the most inaccurate estimation technique.
Analogous estimating
This technique computes total project time and cost estimates by preparing estimates for each project activity and adding them together. _________ is considered the most accurate estimation technique
Analytical estimating
The specific project category of which the project is a part. Application areas can be defined on the basis of project products’ characteristics or applications or by the projects’ customers or stakeholders.
Application area
Project work associated with components of a work breakdown structure and performed in proportion, with discrete effort. Since the amount of apportioned effort (which includes activities such as quality assurance) depends directly on the amount of discrete effort, it cannot be considered separately from discrete effort. It is one of three types of activities used to measure work performance as part of earned value management.
Apportioned effort
During the project planning phase, this type of analysis is used to examine the various methods by which a project’s goals may be achieved.
Approach analysis
A method of constructing a network diagram that uses arrows to represent activities and nodes to represent events or milestones. The ADM is used to construct activity-on-arrow (AOA) diagrams.
Arrow diagramming method (ADM)
Items that support software development. Artifacts include both items associated with the process of development, such as project plans, and items used to support actual aspects of development, such as use cases and requirements.
Artifact
The process of assigning people to project work for changing numbers of hours per day as the project moves through different stages. Assignment contouring is typically done using project management software.
Assignment contouring
Factors deemed to be true during the project planning process, though proof of their validity is not available. A project’s assumptions can affect its risks and outcomes, so you must consider them carefully.
Assumption
In general, authorization is the power to make decisions that the management grants. The specific remit for authorization varies on a case-by-case basis.
Authorization
Work that management or others in authority approve.
Authorized work
A response to a negative risk that seeks to ensure the risk does not occur or (if the risk cannot be eliminated) seeks to protect the project objectives from the negative risk’s impact.
Avoid
This calculates late-start and finish dates for project activities by working backwards from the project end date.
Backward pass
A phase in the portfolio life cycle that involves balancing a portfolio’s components based on risk, costs, and use of resources. It is an aspect of organizational project management.
Balance
A _________ is a concept or tool used to assess whether an organization’s activities are correlated with its general vision and objectives.
Balanced scorecard
A diagrammed calendar schedule of project activities’ start and end dates in logical order.
Bar chart or Gantt chart
This term represent the costs and schedules approved at the start of the project. They use baselines as a basis for monitoring and evaluating performance.
Baseline
This term focuses on ensuring that project results give customers and stakeholders the benefits they expect.
Benefits realization
A document that explains what a program means to accomplish and describes a program’s contribution to organizational objectives.
Blueprint
This method details and considers the background, objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, risks, and deliverables of new projects.
BOSCARD
This calculation computes total time and cost estimates for projects by preparing individual estimates for each of a project’s activities and adding them together. Bottom-up estimating is considered the most accurate estimation technique
Bottom-Up estimating
This refers to the document produced during a project’s concept phase. It is the primary document outlining requirements.
Brief
The sum of money allocated for a project. The term may also refer to a comprehensive list of revenues and expenses.
Budget
The portion of the budget allocated to scheduled work actually performed in a period of time.
Budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP)
The portion of the budget allocated to work scheduled to be performed in a period of time.
Budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS)
A graph that shows the relationship between the number of tasks to be completed and the amount of time left to complete these tasks.
Burn down chart
A point in a network diagram at which multiple successor activities originate from a common predecessor activity. None of the successor activities may start until one finishes the predecessor activity.
Burst point
The practice of identifying and solving business problems. It focuses on creating and implementing solutions to business needs via organizational development, process reengineering, or any number of other methods.
Business analysis
A documentation of the potential outcomes of a new project, including benefits, cost, and effects. It shows the reasoning for starting the project.
Business case
An issue, situation, or circumstance with the potential to affect a business in one way or another, depending on the course of action used to address it. Organizations prioritize business imperatives for actions that will realize any potential benefits or avoid any potential harm.
Business imperative
A company’s business model is the system by which the organization’s profitable activities are planned, structured, and executed, and by which it interacts with its customers.
Business model
The entire ensemble of activities or business processes through which a company uses its assets to create value for its customers.
Business operations
A _______ is a system of activities by which a business creates a specific result for its customers. There are three categories of business processes: management processes, operational processes, and supporting processes.
Business process
_______ is the representation, analysis, and evaluation of business processes in an effort to improve them.
Business process modeling (BPM)
The conditions a product must satisfy to effectively serve its purpose within a business.
Business requirements
The business value of a project is the sum of positive effects — tangible and intangible — it has on the business.
Business value
The smallest unit of time — usually hours or days — by which project activity durations are measured.
Calendar unit
This model is used to assess the maturity of business process capabilities. It was created to assess the capabilities of software development processes but is now used in a number of other industries as well. Like other maturity models, the CMM allows organizations to assess themselves against external benchmarks and provides recommendations for improvement.
Capability maturity model (CMM)
______, or capital expenditure, is the money a company spends to acquire new fixed physical assets or upgrade old ones, typically for long-term use.
CAPEX
A case study involves extensive and in-depth formal research into an area of a company, a situation, or an event. Case studies typically result in formal reports that are published in academic or professional publications. They investigate important, singular, or locally representative cases that contribute to the advancement of knowledge.
Case study
This is an entry-level certification for project managers offered by the Project Management Institute. It is designed to build knowledge of project management processes and terms.
Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)
A project champion makes project success a personal responsibility. This person pushes the project team to work hard, liaise with stakeholders on behalf of the project, and support the project manager. Project champion is an informal role.
Champion
Change control is the process of identifying, evaluating, approving, and implementing changes to a project. It ensures that changes are introduced in a controlled and effective manner and that any adjustments necessitated by changes are also addressed.
Change control
An appointed group of stakeholders who evaluate proposed changes and decide when and whether to make them.
Change control board
The process by which changes to the project are evaluated before approval, implemented, and documented.
Change control system/process
The point at which scope changes to a project are no longer permissible.
Change freeze
A _______ details the change control process. It is created to ensure all changes are managed according to procedure. Change management plans can be created for individual projects or for organizations undergoing transitions.
Change management plan
A formal document submitted to the change control board that requests changes to the finalized project management plan. Change requests are usually made only for significant changes, as smaller changes with little to no impact on the project work can be brought to the project manager.
Change request
The people who will directly benefit from a project. A team executes a project with specific attention to a client’s requirements.
Client/Customer
The final phase of the project management life cycle, in which all aspects of the project are officially completed and closed. This includes making sure that all deliverables have been given to the client, that the team notifies suppliers of completion, and that the team updates stakeholders regarding the end of the project and overall project performance.
Closing phase
An alphanumeric system used to assign unique identifiers to all work breakdown structure components.
Code of accounts
_______ entails all negotiating parties obtaining at least some of what they want from negotiations.
Collaborative negotiation
This document is used to track all project-related communications. It is organized and edited by the project manager and details who communicated, when and where the communication took place, what information was shared, and the results of the communication.
Communications log
This plan states who will send and receive information on aspects of the project, what details are communicated, and when communications are sent. It is part of the project management plan.
Communications management plan
Groups of people who share an area of interest within project management. They meet regularly to share and develop knowledge in the area of interest.
Communities of practice
The ability and knowledge required to perform the tasks associated with a specific role.
Competence
The set of competence expectations by which one assesses a person’s suitability for a specific role.
Competence framework
he beginning phase of the project management life cycle. In the concept phase, the team presents the opportunity or problem (along with possible solutions) and examines the general feasibility of the project.
Concept
Conceptual project planning involves developing the documentation from which a project’s organization and control system will originate.
Conceptual project planning
A product development approach where design and development are carried out at the same time. It is used to shorten the development life cycle and to release products more quickly. The simultaneous execution of design and development can help to improve design practicality.
Concurrent engineering
Configuration of a product involves shaping its functions and characteristics to make it suitable for customer use.
Configuration
Configuration management ensures that the product of a project meets all necessary specifications and stipulations. It provides well-defined standards for the management and team to guarantee that they meet quality and functional requirements, as well as any other characteristics considered important.
Configuration management
A decision agreed upon by all members of a group.
Consensus
A limitation on a project. Among other things, constraints may be financial or based on time or resource availability.
Constraint
_______ is a concept used in complex hard projects to assess and examine the entire construction process before beginning construction. It reduces the number of errors, setbacks, and delays once construction work actually begins.
Constructability
The process by which a team builds infrastructure. Construction projects are complex. Engineers and architects supervise them, while a project manager manages the project work.
Construction
A nonrenewable resource that cannot be used once consumed.
Consumable resource
An alternative or additional course of action planned in anticipation of the occurrence of specific risks.
Contingency plan
An allocation of time or money (or both) set aside for the occurrence of known possibilities that could delay a project or make it more expensive. It is not the same as a management reserve, which is an allocation made for unforeseeable circumstances. Use of a contingency reserve is typically authorized upon the occurrence of a contingency.
Contingency reserve
The process by which a team manages a relationship with a contracting party. It establishes protocols for dealings between contracting parties.
Contract administration
The process of determining whether the terms of a contract were completed successfully and of settling any remaining terms.
Contract closeout
A work breakdown structure tool that allows aggregation of costs for work packages as part of earned value management calculations.
Control Account
Control charts compare process results with historical averages and process control limits to show whether a process meets results expectations. If a process’s results are inconsistent or fall outside process control limits, it may need to be examined and adjusted.
Control chart
A process that follows an established order and is central to the performance of the process system or project of which it is part.
Core process
A step taken to bring work back into alignment with performance expectations after it has failed to meet expectations. A corrective action, which is reactive, is not the same as a preventive action, which is proactive.
Corrective action
The sum of work package estimates, contingency reserve, and other associated costs by which project performance is assessed. A formal change control process is necessary to change the cost baseline.
Cost baseline
A _______ is used to weigh project costs against anticipated tangible project benefits.
Cost benefit analysis
The application of scientific and engineering principles to several aspects of cost management. Among other things, cost engineers contribute to estimation procedures and project cost management. Cost engineering may also be called project controls in some industries.
Cost engineering
This plan details how project costs will be planned, funded, and controlled. It is a part of the project management plan.
Cost management plan
The cost associated with ensuring project quality. This cost may mean the difference between unacceptable and acceptable project results.
Cost of quality
A ______ occurs when unexpected costs cause a project’s actual cost to go beyond budget.
Cost overrun
A cost performance index measures the cost efficiency of a project by calculating the ratio of earned value to actual cost.
Cost performance index
Under a cost plus fixed fee contract, the seller is reimbursed for costs incurred and paid a predetermined fixed fee.
Cost plus fixed fee contract (CPFC)
Under a cost plus incentive fee contract, the seller is reimbursed for costs incurred and paid an additional fee if they meet performance criteria specified in the contract.
Cost plus incentive fee contract (CPIF)
Under a cost plus percentage of cost contract, the seller is reimbursed for costs incurred and paid an additional amount equal to a percentage of the costs incurred if they meet performance criteria specified in the contract.
Cost plus percentage of cost contract (CPPC)
A cost reimbursable contract is a contract under which a seller is reimbursed for costs incurred and paid an additional sum as per a predetermined agreement as profit. They are typically negotiated for projects with costs that are not fully known or not well defined.
Cost reimbursable contract
The ______ of a project is its earned value minus its actual cost. A negative cost variance indicates that a project is running over budget. A positive cost variance indicates that a project is running below budget.
Cost variance
A _____ determines the effects of a particular change on a project’s cost or schedule.
Cost/schedule impact analysis
A schedule compression technique used to speed up project work by increasing the rate at which critical path activities are completed by adding more resources — usually more personnel or more equipment. _______ increases project costs, so it is used first on activities that can be sped up at the least additional cost.
Crashing
Critical chain project management is an approach to managing projects that emphasizes the resources needed to complete project activities over activity order and durations set in a schedule. It uses resource optimization techniques like resource leveling and requires that activity start times be flexible.
Critical chain project management (CCPM)
______ is a psycho-educational exercise for small groups who have experienced a traumatic event. It is sometimes used in project management to help project teams cope with trauma and to rebuild team cohesion.
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)
A scheduled activity that is part of a project’s critical path.
Critical path activity
The ______ is used to estimate the shortest length of time needed to complete a project and to determine the amount of float for activities that are not part of the critical path.
Critical path method
A ______ is an aspect of a project that is crucial to the success of the project.
Critical success factor
Each project activity is assigned a percentage called a _____, which is a measure of how frequently it is a critical activity in project simulations. Activities with high _____ are likely to prolong project duration if delayed.
Criticality index
The most up-to-date estimate of when an activity will finish.Current finish date
Current finish date
The most up-to-date estimate of when an activity will start.
Current start date
detailed representation of current business processes that is used as a point of comparison for efforts to analyze and improve processes’ efficiency, effectiveness, and outputs.
Current state
A ______, also called an as-of date, is a point at which a project’s status is measured and documented. It separates actual data from scheduled data.
Data date
A diagrammatic technique used to illustrate a chain of decisions and to examine the implications of multiple decision-making or situational outcomes.
Decision tree analysis
The hierarchical breaking down of project deliverables into smaller components that are easier to plan and manage.
Decomposition
An action taken to remedy a product that is nonfunctional or does not match expectations or requirements.
Defect repair
The phase in the portfolio life cycle in which projects, programs, and any organizational changes needed to realize strategic objectives are identified and examined.
Define
A ______ reaches a total project cost estimate by computing cost estimates for all a project’s work packages. Definitive estimating is considered a highly accurate estimation technique, with estimates falling within a ten-percent range of the actual budget.
Definitive estimate
The transferring of risk to another party, generally via a contract.
Deflection
A final product or product component that must be provided to a client or stakeholder according to contractual stipulations.
Deliverable
An estimation method based on expert consensus. Experts make estimates individually and simultaneously and then review their estimates as a group before making another set of estimates. The process is repeated, with the pool of estimates typically becoming narrower after each round of review until a consensus is reached.
Delphi technique
A logical relationship between project activities in a network diagram that determines when a _______ activity may begin.
Dependency
Project work directly associated with components of a work breakdown structure. It is directly measurable. ____ is one of three types of activities used to measure work performance as part of earned value management.
Discrete effort
The preferred way to sequence activities when there is no logical limitation on how they must be ordered.
Discretionary dependency
An element of a project business case that states the consequences, if any, of not undertaking the project.
Do nothing option
A method used to exercise control on the release of project funds. Instead of making entire project budgets available from the outset, management may choose to release funds at specific times. These releases are called _____. ______ may coincide with phase gates so that funds are released at the beginning of each phase.
Drawdown
In activity-on-arrow diagrams, where arrows represent activities, _____ show logical relationships between activities. They are not actual activities themselves - ______ arrows are drawn with broken lines to differentiate them from regular activity arrows.
Dummy activity
The amount of time taken to complete an activity or task from start to finish.
Duration
____ techniques shorten a project’s duration without reducing its scope. This typically requires additional expenditure. There are two main _____ techniques: crashing and fast tracking.
Duration compression
____ is one of the agile product development methodologies. Like other members of the agile family, it conducts development in a series of iterations, with user-story-based improvements made in increments. The _____ operates with fixed cost and time constraints and uses the MoSCoW prioritization method to identify the desired product requirements with these constraints in mind.
Dynamic systems development method
The earliest time by which a scheduled project activity can logically finish.
Early finish date
The earliest time by which a scheduled project activity can logically start.
Early start date
A method of measuring schedule performance that improves upon traditional earned value management. Earned value management tracks schedule variance only in terms of money and not in terms of time and thus does not accurately indicate schedule performance by the end of a project. To address this discrepancy, earned schedule theory uses the same data as traditional earned value management but tracks schedule performances separately with respect to money and time.
Earned schedule
A concept used to gauge project schedule and cost performance. Portions of the project budget are assigned to components of the work breakdown structure, and successful completion of a work breakdown structure component is understood as value earned through work.
Earned value
A method of measuring project performance and progress with regard to scope, time, and costs. It is based on the use of planned value (where portions of the budget are allotted to all project tasks), and earned value (where progress is measured in terms of the planned value that is earned upon completion of tasks).
Earned value management
The amount of labor needed to complete a task. It is measured in person-hours or similar units.
Effort
A calculated approximation of the effort — measured in staff-hours or similar units — needed to complete an activity.
Effort estimate
The most efficient allocation of time and resources to project activities.
Effort management
The person or persons who will eventually use the product of a project. Products are designed with end users in mind.
End user
_______ are project classifications used in the software development industry. Enhancement projects involve improving the functionality or performance of software. Maintenance projects keep software functioning as expected. Upgrade projects create a new version of the software, called a release.
Enhancement, maintenance, and upgrade (EMU)
Internal and external factors that can impact projects. They include such things as climate, available resources, and organizational structure.
Enterprise environmental factors
______ is the creation of a model to represent an organization’s structure, processes, and resources. Enterprise models are built to increase understanding of how organizations work. They form the basis of improvement or restructuring efforts.
Enterprise modeling
A set of similar or related user stories.
Epic
The estimated total cost for all project work, calculated as the sum of the actual cost and the estimate to complete.
Estimate at completion (EAC)
At a given point in a project, the estimate of the cost of the work that still needs to be completed.
Estimate to complete (ETC
A metaphor for the increased accuracy in estimation made possible as a project progresses.
Estimating funnel
The use of estimating techniques to reach approximations of unknown values.
Estimation
A visual representation of a schedule network based on event chain methodology. It shows relationships between project activities and risk events.
Event chain diagram
A schedule network analysis method that enables uncertainty modeling. It is used to identify risk events’ impact on a schedule.
Event chain methodology
The adjective describes an action that is prompted by the occurrence of an event.
Event-Driven
The execution phase begins after activity approval and is the phase in which the team executes the project plan. Execution is typically the longest and most expensive phase in the project management life cycle.
Execution phase
Typically a member of the organization’s board who is ultimately responsible for the success of the project. They provide high-level direction to project managers and are accountable to the board for project success.
Executive sponsor
The practice of using expert opinion to guide decision making.
Expert judgment
An outside relationship that affects the completion of a project activity.
External dependency
An agile software development methodology that emphasizes a high degree of responsiveness to evolving customer demands. Development cycles in extreme programming are short, and releases are frequent. Its main features include high-volume communication with customers and pair programming.
Extreme programming (XP)
An approach to project management used mostly for complex projects with a high degree of uncertainty. XPM is designed for projects where requirements are expected to change. Therefore, it focuses on flexibility more than rigid scheduling. Where traditional project management proceeds sequentially through the project management life cycle and thus clearly defines problems, scopes, and solutions, extreme project management accepts that all three aspects will change as the project proceeds and thus emphasizes continual learning over deterministic planning.
Extreme project management (XPM)
A predetermined alternative course of action adopted if a risk occurs and a contingency plan proves unsuccessful in avoiding the risk’s impact.
Fallback plan
A schedule compression technique or duration compression technique in which the duration of a critical path is shortened by performing sections of some critical path activities concurrently instead of consecutively.
Fast tracking
An evaluation of how likely a project is to be completed effectively, or how practical it is, taking resources and requirements into consideration.
Feasibility study
In a finish-to-start relationship, a successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity has finished.
Finish-To-Start
In a finish-to-finish relationship, a successor activity cannot finish until a predecessor activity has finished.
Finish-To-Finish
A ______ is used in project management to identify and categorize the possible causes of an effect.
Fishbone diagram
A task in which the time required for completion is fixed.
Fixed duration
The _______ calculates earned value in a given period of time by splitting a work package budget between the start and completion milestones of a work package. A known proportion of value is earned upon beginning the work package, and the rest is earned upon completing the work package.
Fixed formula method
A ______ pays an agreed-upon fee and does not incorporate other variables, such as time and cost.
Fixed price contract (FPC)
A task in which the number of resources used is fixed.
Fixed units
A task in which the amount of effort required is fixed.
Fixed work
A measure of the schedule flexibility involving a particular task.
Float
A diagram that lays out the complete sequence of steps in a process or procedure.
Flowchart
An improvement strategy based on the theory of constraints. Attention is focused on addressing one limiting factor — called a constraint — at a time in order to optimize a system. Each constraint is improved until it no longer limits the system’s performance.
Focused improvement
_____, named for Henry Ford, is a manufacturing system in which mass-produced goods are priced affordably enough that those producing them may reasonably buy them with their own wages.
Fordism
A prediction or estimation of future project status based on available information.
Forecast
The step at which authorized stakeholders sign off on a product, indicating that it meets their expectations.
Formal acceptance
A technique used to calculate early start and finish dates by working forwards from a point in a project schedule model.
Forward pass
The amount of time by which an activity can be postponed without affecting the early start dates of a successor activity.
Free float
The individual in charge of all activities carried out by a particular functional department within an organization.
Functional manager
An organization which organizes and manages staff members in groups based on specialty areas.
Functional organization
The working characteristics of a product. These are based on how end users will use the product.
Functional requirements
A detailed representation of the ideal condition of a company’s business processes after improvement.
Future state
A _______ is a type of bar chart that shows all the tasks constituting a project. Tasks are listed vertically, with the horizontal axis marking time. The lengths of task bars are to scale with tasks’ durations.
Gantt chart
An end-of-phase checkpoint at which decisions are made regarding whether and how to continue with the project.
Gate
A point in a project at which it is decided whether to continue with the work.
Go/No go
An objective set by an individual or an organization. It is a desired endpoint reached by setting and working towards targets.
Goal
The process of creating specific, measurable, and attainable goals and of setting deadlines for these goals if desired.
Goal setting
The practice of incorporating features and improvements that go beyond a product’s agreed-upon characteristics. This is generally done to boost customer satisfaction.
Gold plating
The structure by which roles and relationships between project team members and an organization’s high-level decision makers are defined.
Governance
A network analysis technique that uses Monte Carlo simulation to bring a probabilistic approach to network logic and the formation of duration estimates. It is an alternative to the PERT technique but is not often used in complex systems.
Graphical evaluation and review technique (GERT)
In a schedule network diagram, a hammock activity is a type of summary activity that represents a number of grouped - but unrelated -smaller activities that occur between two dates.
Hammock activity
In the project life cycle, a handover is the point at which deliverables are given to users.
Handover
An unplanned break in a network path, usually caused by oversights regarding activities or dependent relationships between activities.
Hanger
A project management method created by the Swiss government and used by IT and business organizations. It is a simplified project management method that can be adapted to projects with varying degrees of complexity. It provides document templates to expedite project-related work.
HERMES
The _____ explain the major requirements and characteristics of the final product, including its purpose as a product and within the company.
High-Level requirements
Data from past projects used in the planning of future projects.
Historical information
A _____ details the roles of and relationships between personnel working on a project, as well as how personnel will be managed. It is part of the project management plan.
Human resource management plan
