Physiology - Pain 1: Peripheral Mechanisms and Central Pathways

Question 1

a stimulus activating a receptor eg temp, pain, touch causes an action potential to be formed in which nerves

a.sympathetic ganglion
b.dorsal route ganglion
c.parasympathetic ganglion
d.dorsal route horn

Answer 1

b.dorsal root ganglion

Question 2

after entering the spinal cord an AP synapses to an ascending nerve at which location

a.dorsal route ganglion
c.dorsal route horn
d.thalamus
e.brain

Answer 2

c.dorsal route horn

Question 3

which nerve carrying an ap will travel across the spinal cord (crossing over) and ascend to the brain via the thalamus

a. dorsal route ganglion
b.dorsal route horn
c,ascending nerve
d.descending nerve

Answer 3

c,ascending nerve

Question 4

via which structure do ascending nerves usually travel to the brain

a.hypothalamus
b.thalamus
c. pituitary
d.medulla oblongata
c.pons

Answer 4

b.thalamus

Question 5

senses not dependent on a specialised organ is known as ..

Answer 5

somatic

pain - nociception

Question 6

where are most nociceptors found

a.brain
b.body

Question 7

where are most nociceptors found

a.brain
b.body

Answer 7

b.body

Question 8

a dull pain that is hard to locate in deep/ superficial tissue is conducted by which type of neurones

a.unmyelinated c
b.myelinated a/d

Answer 8

a.unmyelinated c

Question 9

a sharp pain that is immediate and highly localised in superficial tissue is conducted by which type of neurones

a.unmyelinated c
b.myelinated a/d

Answer 9

b.myelinated a/d

Question 10

which fibres run in the gracile fasciculus

a.a delta
b.c
c.c and d

Answer 10

a.a and d

Question 11

which fibres are found in the facial nerves (trigeminal)

a.a delta
b.c
c.c and d

Answer 11

b.c

Question 12

pain associated with stomach ache and kidney stones (visceral somatic pain) is transmitted via what

a.gracile fasciculus
b.trigeminal nerve

Answer 12

a.gracile fasciculus

Question 13

the gracile fasciculus carries which fibres up the spinal cord without crossing over to the gracile nucleus in the medulla oblongata which then cross over before travelling to the thalamus and cortex

a.a delta
b. c

Answer 13

a.a delta

Question 14

where is the gracile nucleus found

a.pons
b.thalamus
c.medulla oblongata
d.midbrain

Answer 14

c.medulla oblongata

Question 15

facial pain travels via the trigeminal nerve through which structure to the medulla

a.pons
b.thalamus
c.medulla oblongata
d.midbrain

Answer 15

a.pons

Question 16

facial pain is transmitted via the trigeminal nerve through the pons to which part of the brain

a.thalamus
b.medulla
c.cortex

Answer 16

b.medulla

Question 17

which type of nerve fibres mainly makeup the 2nd order neurones that take signals through the thalamus to the cortex

a.a delta
b. beta
c.c
d.d

Answer 17

c.c

Question 18

which neurones are known as dorsal horn neurones

a.a delta
b. beta
c.c
d.d

Answer 18

a.a delta

Question 19

where does the ascending nerve synpase if signals travel through the spinothalamic tract

a.hypothalamus
b.thalamus
c.reticular formation of brain stem

Answer 19

b.thalamus

Question 20

where does the ascending nerve synpase if signals travel through the spinothalamic tract

a.hypothalamus
b.thalamus
c.reticular formation of brain stem

Answer 20

b.thalamus

Question 21

where does the ascending nerve synpase if signals travel through the spinoreticular tract

a.hypothalamus
b.thalamus
c.reticular formation of brain stem

Answer 21

c.reticular formation of brain stem

Question 22

which nerves release glutamate and substance p

a.c
b.a delta

Answer 22

a.c

Question 23

which nerves release glutamate only

a.c
b.a delta

Answer 23

b.a delta

Question 24

which of these are autonomic responses associated with pain

a.tachycardia, hypertension
b.bradycardia , hypotension

Answer 24

b.bradycardia , hypotension

and syncope

Question 25

congenital insensitivity to pain results from a low expression of..

a.a delta fibres
b.nociceptors
c. c fibres

Answer 25

b.nociceptors

Question 26

pain felt in skin , muscles and joints sometimes with tingling caused by a lesion/disease in the peripheral/central nervous system

a.somatic
b.visceral
c.neuropathic

Answer 26

c.neuropathic

Question 27

sensation of pain in response to something not normally painful eg touching lightly near a wound

a.neuropathic pain
b.somatic pain
c. allodynia
d.hyperalgesia

Answer 27

c. allodynia

Question 28

increased intensity of pain for a given nociceptive stimulus is known as

a.neuropathic pain
b.somatic pain
c. allodynia
d.hyperalgesia

Answer 28

d.hyperalgesia

Question 29

spontaneous activity / response to weaker stimuli in c and ad fibres after injury is linked to an increased expression of which channel in peripheral nerves

a.voltage gated calcium
b.atp dependent potassium
c. voltage gated sodium
d.pressure sensitive sodium

Answer 29

c. voltage gated sodium

Question 30

more frequent release of which substance by 1st order pain fibres bombards the dorsal horn nerves and increases the expression of the NMDA receptor making the the threshold of the DHN easier to reach

a.substance P
b. glutamate

Answer 30

b. glutamate

Question 31

what substances is the DHN NDMA receptor permeable to

a. na and k
b.na and ca
c.ca and k

Answer 31

b.na and ca

Question 32

the sprouting of AB fibres in response to fibre damage allowing them to make connections to 2nd order fibres leads to what

a.hyperalgesia
b.allodynia

Answer 32

b.allodynia