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Neurology 1 > Physiology - Introduction to the CNS, neurotransmitters and the blood brain barrier > Flashcards

Physiology - Introduction to the CNS, neurotransmitters and the blood brain barrier Flashcards

1
Q

the spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum of the skull to which vertebral level in adults

a.l1-l2
b.t12-l2
c.t8-t9
d.l3-l4

A

a.l1-l2

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2
Q

the filum terinale is a thin layer of what extending from the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

a.dura
b.arachnoid
c.pia

A

c.pia

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3
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the cervical region

a.8
b.12
c.5
d.1

A

a.8

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4
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the thoracic region

a.8
b.12
c.5
d.1

A

b.12

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5
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the lumbar region

a.8
b.12
c.5
d.1

A

c.5

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6
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the coccygeal region

a.8
b.12
c.5
d.1

A

d.1

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7
Q

the cauda equina is formed from which nerve roots surrounding the filum terminale after exiting the vertebral canal

a.lumbar
b.lumbar and sacral
c.sacral and coccygeal

A

b.lumbar and sacral

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8
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the sacral region

a.8
b.12
c.5
d.1

A

c.5

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9
Q

which part of the spinal cord is innermost

a.white matter
b.gray matter

A

b.gray matter

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10
Q

which part of the spinal cord contains the nerve cell bodies and is divided into the ventral and dorsal horns

a.white matter
b.gray matter

A

b.gray matter

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11
Q

which horn of the spinal cord contains sensory neurons

a.ventral
b.dorsal

A

b.dorsal

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12
Q

which horn of the gray matter contains motor neurons

a.ventral
b.dorsal

A

a.ventral

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13
Q

the white matter is made up of longitudinal tracts of which type of axon

a.myelinated
b.unmyelinated

A

a.myelinated

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14
Q

where are reflex centres found

a.cerebral hemispheres
b.cortex
c.cerebellum
d.brainstem
e.spinal cord

A

d.brainstem

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15
Q

where are the nuclei of cranial nerves III to XII found

a.cerebral hemispheres
b.cortex
c.cerebellum
d.brainstem
e.spinal cord

A

d.brainstem

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16
Q

the motor neurons that control which movements lie in cranial nerves 3 and 4 found in the midbrain

a.mouth
b.arms
c.eye
d.tongue

A

c.eye

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17
Q

nerve fibres from cranial nerve 3 responsible for pupillary diametre etc reside in which nucleus that is found in the midbrain

a.pons
b.eaton lambert
d.edinger westphal

A

d.edinger westphal

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18
Q

where are the neurons responsible for control of reflex movements of the eyes , head and neck found

a.midbrain
b.pons
c.medulla oblongata

A

a.midbrain

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19
Q

where are the neurons for mastication, eye movement and muscles of facial expressions found

a.midbrain
b.pons
c.medulla oblongata

A

b.pons

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20
Q

where is sensory information from the face, scalp, mouth and nose recieved

a.midbrain
b.pons
c.medulla oblongata

A

b.pons

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21
Q

where are the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres found

a.midbrain
b.pons
c.medulla oblongata

A

b.pons

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22
Q

what centre found in the pons promotes coordinated respiration

a.apneustic
b.edinger westphal
c.pneumotaxic

A

c.pneumotaxic

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23
Q

where are the nuclei of the somatic neurons that innervate the neck and tongue found along with nuclei involved in blood pressure, heart rate and digestion

a.midbrain
b.pons
c.medulla oblongata

A

c.medulla oblongata

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24
Q

which 3 structures make up the diencephalon

a.midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

b.thalamus, hypoyhalamus, pons

c.hypothalamus , pituitary, epithalamus

d.hypothlamus, thalamus, epithalamus

A

d.hypothlamus, thalamus, epithalamus

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25
Q

the two thalami lie on each side of which ventricle

a.1st
b.2nd
c.3rd
d.4th

A

c.3rd

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26
Q

the thalamus is a large egg shaped mass of ..

a.white matter
b.gray matter

A

b.gray matter

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27
Q

which part of the diencephalon is the gateway to the cortex acting as the main intergration station for sensory information

a.hypothalamus

b.thalamus

c.epithalamus

A

b.thalamus

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28
Q

which hormones are sysnthesised by specialised hypothalamic neurons

a.adh and oxytocin

b.acth and oxytocin

c.oxytocin and serotonin

d.serotonin and dopamine

A

a.adh and oxytocin

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29
Q

which part of the epithalamus is the centre for integration of olfactory, visceral and somatic afferent pathways

a.pineal gland
c.diencephalon
d.habenular nucleus
e. edinger westphal nucleus

A

d.habenular nucleus

30
Q

which part of the epithalamus shows circadian rhythms releasing hormones such as melatonin, serotonin and noradrenaline

a.pineal gland
c.diencephalon
d.habenular nucleus
e. edinger westphal nucleus

A

a.pineal gland

31
Q

which part of the brain receives information regarding proprioception , muscle tone, auditiory and visual information and compares this with plans for movement from the cortex

a.cerebral cortex
b.diencephalon
c.brain stem
d.cerebellum
e.frontal lobe

A

d.cerebellum

32
Q

which part of the brain is responsible for the maintenance of posture

a.cerebral cortex
b.diencephalon
c.brain stem
d.cerebellum
e.frontal lobe

A

d.cerebellum

33
Q

which area of the frontal lobe is found just infront of the central sulcus

a.primary motor cortex
b.supplementary motor area
c.premotor association area

A

a.primary motor cortex

found in the precentral gyrus

34
Q

which part of the frontal lobe sends motor commands to the right side of the body

a.precentral sulcus
b.supplementary motor area
c.premotor association area
d.left precentral gyrus
e.right precentral gyrus

A

d.left precentral gyrus

35
Q

which part of the frontal lobe contains the motor maps for posture

a.precentral sulcus
b.supplementary motor area
c.premotor association area
d.left precentral gyrus
e.right precentral gyrus

A

b.supplementary motor area

36
Q

which part of the frontal lobe contains the motor maps for movement of larger muscle groups and planning/ anticipating voluntary movement

a.precentral sulcus
b.supplementary motor area
c.premotor association area
d.left precentral gyrus
e.right precentral gyrus

A

c.premotor association area

37
Q

which part of the frontal lobe is associated with intelligence and moral judgement

a.primary motor cortex
b.supplementary motor area
c.premotor association area
d.prefrontal area
e.right precentral gyrus

A

d.prefrontal area

38
Q

the primary motor cortex, prefrontal area, premotor association area, and supplementary motor area are found in which lobe

a.frontal
b.occipiutal
c.temporal
d.parietal

A

a.frontal

39
Q

which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory assoication area found

a.frontal
b.occipiutal
c.temporal
d.parietal

A

d.parietal

40
Q

which gryus is the primary somatosensory cortex located in

a.precentral gyrus
b.post central gyrus

A

b.post central gyrus

41
Q

the somatosensory association area is immdeiately ……. to the primary somatosensory cortex

a.lateral
b.anterior
c.medial
d.posterior

A

d.posterior

42
Q

which area of the parietal lobe interprets the significance of sensory information

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.primary motor cortex
c.pre motor area
d.supplementary motor area
e.somatosensory association area

A

e.somatosensory association area

43
Q

a lesion in which area results in tactile agnosia ( the inability to combine touch , pressure and proprioception to interpret the significance of sensory information)

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.primary motor cortex
c.pre motor area
d.supplementary motor area
e.somatosensory association area

A

e.somatosensory association area

can also cause astereognosis - inability to recognise an objext placed in the hand

44
Q

inability to recognise an object placed in the hand

a.allodynia
b.hyperalgesia
c.tactile agnosia
d.astereognosis

A

d.astereognosis

45
Q

inability to combine, touch, pressure and proprioception to interpret the significance of sensory information

a.allodynia
b.hyperalgesia
c.tactile agnosia
d.astereognosis

A

c.tactile agnosia

46
Q

where are the primary visual cortex and visual association area found

a.frontal lobe
b.parietal lobe
c.occipital lobe
d.temporal lobe

A

c.occipital lobe

47
Q

which area of the occipital lobe gives meaning and interpretation to what we see

a.primary visual cortex
b.visual association area

A

b.visual association area

47
Q

which area of the occipital lobe gives meaning and interpretation to what we see

a.primary visual cortex
b.visual association area

A

b.visual association area

48
Q

neurons from the retina project into the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus which in turn sends out fibres known as optic radiations to which part of the occipital lobe

a.primary visual cortex
b.visual association area

A

b.visual association area

49
Q

a lesion in which area leads to visual agnosia ( deficits in the ability to recognise objects in the opposite visual field despite intact vision

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.primary visual cortex
c.visual association area
d.supplementary motor area
e.somatosensory association area

A

c.visual association area

also deficit in tracking of an object on one side

50
Q

within which lobe is are the primary auditory and auditory association area found

a.frontal lobe
b.parietal lobe
c.occipital lobe
d.temporal lobe

A

d.temporal lobe

51
Q

which area enables us to give meaning to the sounds we hear

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b. primary auditory area
c.visual association area
d.auditory association area
e.somatosensory association area

A

d.auditory association area

52
Q

a lesion in which area can result in accoustic verbal agnosia (inability to interpret words heard despite hearing being intact)

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b. primary auditory area
c.visual association area
d.auditory association area
e.somatosensory association area

A

d.auditory association area

53
Q

an inability to interpret what is heard despite hearing being intact

a.allodynia
b.hyperalgesia
c. tactile agnosia
d.astereognosis
e.acoustic verbal agnosia

A

e.acoustic verbal agnosia

54
Q

language production occurs at which area

a.brocas area
b.wernickes area

A

a.brocas area

55
Q

language comprehension occurs at which area

a.brocas area
b.wernickes area

A

b.wernickes area

56
Q

aphasia (inability to communicate effectively is acused by damage to which area)

a,brocas
b.wernickes

A

b.wernickes

57
Q

which structure is a tadpole shaped nucleus with its head at the floor of the lateral ventricle and its body arching over the thalamus

a.caudate nucleus
b.putamen
c.globus pallidus
d.subthalmic nucleus

e.substantia nigra

A

a.caudate nucleus

58
Q

which structure is the most lateral of the basal ganglia , with theo two nuclei being separated by the interior capsule (an input nuclei)

a.caudate nucleus
b.putamen
c.globus pallidus
d.subthalmic nucleus
e.substantia nigra

A

b.putamen

59
Q

which structure is the output of the basal nuclei sending inhibitory neurons to the thalamus and is located medial to the putamen (divided into external and internal parts)

a.caudate nucleus
b.putamen
c.globus pallidus
d.subthalmic nucleus
e.substantia nigra

A

c.globus pallidus

60
Q

which nucleus lies inferior to the thalamus and superior to the tegmentu of the midbrain , receiving afferents from the cortex and having an excitatory output through glutamine, defining the nucleis rhythm

a.caudate nucleus
b.putamen
c.globus pallidus
d.subthalmic nucleus
e.substantia nigra

A

d.subthalmic nucleus

61
Q

which structure is located in the rostral midbrain within the cerebral peduncle at the level of the superior colliculi containing dopaminergic neurons

a.caudate nucleus
b.putamen
c.globus pallidus
d.subthalmic nucleus
e.substantia nigra

A

e.substantia nigra

62
Q

the limbic lobe comprises a ring of cortex on the medial surface of the brain spanning aspects of which lobes

a.frontal and parietal
b.frontal, parietal and temporal
c.frontal, parietal and occipital
d.occipital and temporal

A

b.frontal, parietal and temporal

63
Q

which part of the brain is involved in the control of emotion, behaviour , drive and memory

a.frontal lobe
b.parietal lobe
c.occipital lobe
d.temporal lobe
e,diencephalon
f.limbic system

A

f.limbic system

64
Q

in the adult brain neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory bulb and which other structure

a. amygdala
b.hippocampus
c.limbic system
d.entorhinal cortex
e.dentate gyrus

A

e.dentate gyrus

65
Q

a lesion in which area affects a persons ability to store long term memory

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.hippocampus
c.visual association area
d.amygdala
e.somatosensory association area

A

b.hippocampus

hippocampus has a role in converting recent memory to long term memory

66
Q

when memories formed prior to a lesion forming in the hippocampus are unaffcted but converting of new memories to long term memories post lesion development is impaired it is known as

a.retrograde amnesia
b.anterograde amnesia

A

b.anterograde amnesia

67
Q

which area plays a role in the ability to feel strong emotions, emotional memory and learning and drive related behaviours eg fear conditioning, reward association eg addiction

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.hippocampus
c.visual association area
d.amygdala
e.somatosensory association area

A

d.amygdala

68
Q

damage to which area reduces attention for and memory of emotionbal stimulus

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b.hippocampus
c.visual association area
d.amygdala
e.somatosensory association area

A

d.amygdala

69
Q

which of these is an excitatory neurotransmitter synthesised from a precursor supplied by astrocytes

a.glutamate
b.glutamine
c.GABA

A

a.glutamate

70
Q

which of these is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

a.glutamate
b.glutamine
c.GABA

A

c.GABA

71
Q

which of these neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory and regulates mood emotion and sleep

a.dopamine
b.serotonin
c.melatonin
d.glutamate

A

b.serotonin

Neurology 1 (44 decks)

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