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Neurology 1 > Physiology - Ascending tracts , sensory receptors, pathways and peripheral pathways > Flashcards

Physiology - Ascending tracts , sensory receptors, pathways and peripheral pathways Flashcards

1
Q

afferent

A

towards CNS

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2
Q

efferent

A

away CNS

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3
Q

which of these is NOT a somatosense

a.pain
b.temperature
c.touch
d.pressure
e.taste

A

e.taste

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4
Q

which receptor type is activated by physical compression / stretch

a.mechanoreceptors
b.thermoreceptors
c.electromagnetic
d.chemoreceptors

A

a.mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

which receptor type is activated by temperature on skin and internally

a.mechanoreceptors
b.thermoreceptors
c.electromagnetic
d.chemoreceptors

A

b.thermoreceptors

separate cold and hot receptors

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6
Q

which receptor type is activated by light

a.mechanoreceptors
b.thermoreceptors
c.electromagnetic
d.chemoreceptors

A

c.electromagnetic

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7
Q

which receptor type is activated O2/H+/CO2 in the brainstem and osmolarity in the hypothalamus

a.mechanoreceptors
b.thermoreceptors
c.electromagnetic
d.chemoreceptors

A

d.chemoreceptors

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8
Q

which type of receptors give rise to pain sensations

a.nociceptors
b.proprioceptors
c.somatosensors

A

a.nociceptors

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9
Q

which type of receptors give info about joint position and movement

a.nociceptors
b.proprioceptors
c.somatosensors

A

b.proprioceptors

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10
Q

the area monitored by a single receptor

a.dermatome
b.receptive field

A

b.receptive field

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11
Q

local membrane depolarisation in a receptor

a.action potential
b.receptor potential
c.membrane potential
d.resting potential

A

b.receptor potential

may or may not be sufficient to cause an action potential

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12
Q

how is stimulus strength coded

a.number of action potentials
b.frequency of action potentials
c. volume of action potentials

A

b.frequency of action potentials

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13
Q

phasic response

A

depending on properties of receptor being stimulated the response of the primary afferent is different

phasic response causes a burst of AP at the onset of the stimulus the frequency soon dissipates despite the stimulus still being present

typical of certain receptors eg pacinian corpuscle

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14
Q

tactile receptors all have channels in the membranes of the receptor nerve endings that are permeable to which ion when they are physically deformed by pressure/pulling

a.calcium
b.potassium
c.sodium
d.iron
e.hydrogen

A

c.sodium

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15
Q

which tactile receptors have bare dendrites between epidermal cells small fields and act as sole cornea receptors

a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.merkels discs
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

a.free nerve endings

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16
Q

which tactile receptors in the skin have sensory dendrites surrounding the hair follicles and rapidly adapting

a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.merkels discs
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

b.root hair plexus

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17
Q

which tactile receptors in the skin are responsive to fine touch and low frequency with a dendrite network surrounding schwann cells , found within a capsule in the dermis and numerous in sensitive areas eg fingertips , lips

a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.meissners corpuscle
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

c.meissners corpuscle

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18
Q

which tactile receptors in the skin are very sensitive tonic touch receptors with dendrites closely associated with large epithelial cells and very small fields

a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.merkel discs
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

c.merkel discs

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19
Q

which tactile receptors in the skin respond to deep pressure and high frequency vibration and are rapidly adapting mostly found in the fingers and viscera
a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.merkel discs
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

d.laminated pacinian corpuscles

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20
Q

which tactile receptors in the skin have dendrites that are intertwined with collagen fibres in a capsule and respond to skin pressure and distortion

a.free nerve endings
b.root hair plexus
c.merkel discs
d.laminated pacinian corpuscles
e.ruffini corpuscles

A

e.ruffini corpuscles

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21
Q

which receptors are free nerve endings that detect joint pressure, movement and tension

a.merkel discs
b. baroreceptors
c.golgi tendon organs
d.muscle spindle
e.joint receptors

A

e.joint receptors

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22
Q

which of these receptors is described as free nerve endings embedded in the walls of major vessels giving information primarily on wall stretch

a. meissners corpuscle
b. golgi tendon organs
c.baroreceptors
d.pacinian corpuscle
e.chemoreceptors

A

c.baroreceptors

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23
Q

what are the 4 types of receptor as classified by transduction mechanism

A

mechanoreceptor
chemoreceptor
temperature receptors
electromagnetic receptors

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of receptor when classified by purpose

A

nociceptor - pain
proprioceptior - body position and movement

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of mechano receptor

A

somatosensory receptors (skin)
proprioceptors (muscle and joint)
baroreceptors

26
Q

temperature receptors located where are the major determinant of temperature sensation

a.pituitary
b.hypothalamus
c.skin
d.cerebellum
e.ventricle

A

b.hypothalamus

27
Q

which receptors rely on the activity of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels with different TRP channels being activated at different temperatures

a.mechanoreceptors
b.chemoreceptors
c.temperature receptors
d.electromagnetic receptors
e.nociceptors

A

c.temperature receptors

28
Q

which TRP channel when activated gives moderate cold sensation at temp below 27 degrees

a.TRPM7
b.TRPM8
c.TRPV3
c.TRPV4

29
Q

which TRP channel when activated gives moderate warm sensation at temp 25 degrees

a.TRPM7
b.TRPM8
c.TRPV3
c.TRPV4

30
Q

which TRP channel when activated gives moderate warm sensation at temp 31 degrees

a.TRPM7
b.TRPM8
c.TRPV3
c.TRPV4

31
Q

which temperature channel is activated by menthol giving it a cooling effect

a.TRPM7
b.TRPM8
c.TRPV3
c.TRPV4

32
Q

pain receptors are free nerve endings tat respond to ….

A

chemicals associated with damage/ inflammation eg potassium, prostaglandins , ATP , adenosine and 5HT

mechanical stress associated with tissue damage

temperatures above 43 degress and below 18 degrees eg TRP channels

33
Q

which type of pain receptor axons have slow conduction velocity resulting in a slow pain feeling

a.type A
b.type B
c.type C
d.type D

34
Q

which type of pain receptor axons have a fast velocity conduction and so give a fast pain feeling

a.type A
b.type B
c.type C
d.type D

35
Q

which type of axon conducts fastest

a.small myelinated
b.large myelinated
c.large unmyelinated
d.small unmyelinated

A

b.large myelinated

36
Q

which fibres would be responsible for transmitting an aching pain

a.type A
b.type B
c.type C
d.type D

A

c.type C

slow fibres

37
Q

the cell body of the primary afferent nerve is located where

a.muscle
b.joint
c.dorsal root ganglion
d.spinal cord

A

c.dorsal root ganglion

enters the spine via the dorsal root
cell body in DRG outside the spinal cord

38
Q

the slower axons travel to areas more dorsal in the spinal cord . which lamina does this indicate

a.lamina I and II
b.lamina III and IX

A

a.lamina I and II

39
Q

the faster axons travel to areas more ventral/ deeper in the spinal cord . which lamina does this indicate

a.lamina I and II
b.lamina III and IX

A

b.lamina III and IX

40
Q

which of these viruses reside in the primary afferent cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion of a certain spinal nerve . when this virus travels to the ends of this afferent nerve it causes pain and blistering in these areas so the rceeptor regions associated with this nerve become visible

a.herpes simplex
b.herpes zoster
c.hepatitis c
d.hepatitis A
e. HIV

A

b.herpes zoster

chicken pox

41
Q

referred pain from the myocardium to the left arm is due to the afferents from the myocardium entering the spinal cord at which level associated with the left arm dermatome

a.C4-C7
b.T1-T4
c.T6-T10
d.T12-L1

42
Q

which ascending path carries information from temp, pain, crude touch and pressure receptors as well as tickling and itch sensation

a.spinothalamic tract
b.dorsal column

A

a.spinothalamic tract

43
Q

which fibres transmit the information in the spinothalamic tract

a.small
b.large

A

a.small

slower velocity poor spacial discrumination

44
Q

after synapsing in the spine which neuron crosses the spine in the spinothalamic tract

a.primary
b.secondary
c.tertiary

A

b.secondary

then ascends contralaterally to the thalamus of the midbrain

45
Q

after crossing the spine the secondary neuron ascends ………….. to the thalamus of the midbrain in the spinothalamic tract

a.contralaterally
b.ipsilaterally

A

a.contralaterally

46
Q

which neuron travels via the spinothalamic tract to the sensory cortex causing sensation to become concious

a.primary
b.secondary
c,tertiary
d.quaternary

A

c,tertiary

47
Q

which ascending pathway carries information from proprioceptors with high discrimination and fast conduction velocity

a.spinothalamic tract
b.dorsal column
c.spinocerebellar tract

A

b.dorsal column

48
Q

primary afferents in the dorsal column do not synapse , instead they ascend…

a.contralaterally
b.ipsilaterally

A

b.ipsilaterally

without crossing the spine
ascend ti dorsal column nucleus in the brain
synapses with 2nd neurone that crosses to the other side within the medulla

49
Q

primary afferents in the dorsal column synapse with a secondary neuron that crosses to the other side where

a. across the spinal cord
b.the medulla
c.the pituitary
d.the hypothalamus

A

b.the medulla

50
Q

where does the secondary neuron ( from the dorsal column) synapse with the tertiary neuron after leaving the medulla

a.thalamus of mid brain
b.hypothalamus
c.cerebellum
d. in the spine

A

a.thalamus of mid brain

51
Q

which tract is especially important in control of movement and balance

a.spinothalamic tract
b.dorsal column
c.spinocerebellar tract

A

c.spinocerebellar tract

52
Q

somatosensory information arrives in the sensory cortical areas in the postcentral gyrus in which lobe

a.frontal
b.temporal
c.parietal
d.occipital

A

c.parietal

53
Q

somatotrophic representation

A

different parts of the body are represented in different parts of the cortical areas

54
Q

the somatic sensations from one side of the body are processed by the ………. side of the brain

a.ipsilateral
b.contralateral

A

b.contralateral

55
Q

widespread damage of primary afferents can be caused by

a.coagulopathy
b.neuropathy
c. huntingtons
d.parkinsons

A

b.neuropathy

56
Q

diabetes, MS, chronic alcohol consumption and chemotherapy can all cause what

a.paralysis
b.ataxia
c.neuropathy
d.aphasia

A

c.neuropathy

57
Q

paraesthesia

A

pins and needles

58
Q

anaesthesia

59
Q

damage of the ascending tracts is usually

a.bilateral
b.unilateral

A

a.bilateral

60
Q

damage to the ascending tracts causes what

a.sensory loss of all modalities below the lesion
b. sensory loss to some modalities below the lesion
c.motor loss of all modalities below the lesion
d.motor loss of some modalities below the lesion

A

a.sensory loss of all modalities below the lesion

61
Q

some senses lost on one side and other senses lost on the other side indicate what

a.unilateral damage to the ascending tracts
b.bilateral damage to the ascending tracts

A

a.unilateral damage to the ascending tracts

eg slow growing spinal tumour

62
Q

which part of the ascending tracts is usually damaged following a stroke

a. primary neurone
b.area of crossing spine
c.from spine /medulla to thalamus
d.from thalamus to cortex

A

d.from thalamus to cortex
(internal capsule)

causes sensory loss in opposite side of the body
potential paralysis if nearby motor areas are affected

Neurology 1 (44 decks)

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