Physiology of Joints

Question 1

name the 3 types of joint

Answer 1

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

Question 2

give an example of a fibrous joint

Answer 2

bones of the skull

allows no movement

Question 3

what are bones in cartilaginous joint united by?

Answer 3

cartilage

Question 4

give an example of a cartilaginous joint

Answer 4

intervertebral disc

Question 5

what are the bones in synovial joints separated by? what does it contain?

Answer 5

a cavity containing synovial fluid

Question 6

what are bones in synovial joint united by?

Answer 6

fibrous capsule

Question 7

what is the inner aspect of fibrous capsule lined with in a synovial joint?

Answer 7

synovial membrane - vascular connective tissue

Question 8

what do synovial cells of the synovial membrane produce?

Answer 8

synovial fluid

Question 9

what are the articular surfaces of the bones covered with?

Answer 9

articular cartilage

Question 10

what can synovial joints be classified into?

Answer 10

simple or compound

Question 11

what differentiated between a simple or compound synovial joint?

Answer 11

simple - one pair of articular surfaces

compound - more than one pair of articular surfaces

Question 12

what are the roles of the joints during purposeful motion?

Answer 12

stress distribution
confer stability
joint lubrication

Question 13

name the functions of the synovial fluid.

Answer 13

lubrication
facilitate movement
nutrition
supplies O2 and removes CO2

Question 14

The synovial fluid is continuously replenished and absorbed by the synovial membrane

true or false?

Answer 14

true

Question 15

the presence of what allows the high viscosity of the synovial fluid?

Answer 15

hyaluronic acid - mucin

varies with movement

Question 16

what changes in the synovial fluid during movement?

Answer 16

viscosity and elasticity

Question 17

what effect does rapid movement have on the synovial fluid?

Answer 17

decreased viscosity
increased elasticity

impaired in osteoarthritis

Question 18

what is the normal WBC count in synovial fluid including polymorphs?

Answer 18

<200 WBC/mm3

polymorphs are usually <25/mm3

Question 19

the articular cartilage is usually what?

Answer 19

hyaline - elastic and sponge-like

Question 20

what is the cartilage made up of? name all 3.

Answer 20

water
collagen
proteoglycan

Question 21

name the net weight in percentage of each element

Answer 21

water - 70%
collagen - 20%
proteoglycan - 10%

Question 22

what type of collagen is present?

Answer 22

type II

Question 23

what is the cartilage mainly made up of?

Answer 23

ECM

Question 24

what is the ECM synthesised and degraded by?

Answer 24

chondrocytes

Question 25

name the catabolic factors in cartilage turnover

Answer 25

TNF-alpha
IL-1

inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

Question 26

name the anabolic factors in cartilage turnover

Answer 26

TGF-beta
IGF-1

stimulate proteoglycan synthesis

Question 27

name the 2 markers of cartilage degradation

Answer 27

serum and synovial keratin sulphate

type II collagen in synovial fluid

Question 28

what does wear and tear result in?

Answer 28

osteoarthritis

Question 29

what does synovial cell proliferation and inflammation cause?

Answer 29

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 30

what does deposition of salt crystals result in?

Answer 30

gouty arthritis

Question 31

what does injury and inflammation to periarticular structures cause?

Answer 31

soft tissue rheumatism

Question 32

name the needle shape and chemical element in gout

Answer 32

needle shaped

uric acid

Question 33

ame the needle shape and chemical element in pseudo-gout

Answer 33

rhomboid shaped

calcium pyrophosphate

Question 34

which type of gout is more common in the elderly?

Answer 34

pseudo-gout

Question 35

what’s the biggest drawback in the jungle?

Answer 35

josh rawcliffes foreskin