Physiology of Joints Flashcards

Dr S Khogali

1
Q

name the 3 types of joint

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

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2
Q

give an example of a fibrous joint

A

bones of the skull

allows no movement

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3
Q

what are bones in cartilaginous joint united by?

A

cartilage

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4
Q

give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

intervertebral disc

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5
Q

what are the bones in synovial joints separated by? what does it contain?

A

a cavity containing synovial fluid

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6
Q

what are bones in synovial joint united by?

A

fibrous capsule

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7
Q

what is the inner aspect of fibrous capsule lined with in a synovial joint?

A

synovial membrane - vascular connective tissue

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8
Q

what do synovial cells of the synovial membrane produce?

A

synovial fluid

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9
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the bones covered with?

A

articular cartilage

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10
Q

what can synovial joints be classified into?

A

simple or compound

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11
Q

what differentiated between a simple or compound synovial joint?

A

simple - one pair of articular surfaces

compound - more than one pair of articular surfaces

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12
Q

what are the roles of the joints during purposeful motion?

A

stress distribution
confer stability
joint lubrication

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13
Q

name the functions of the synovial fluid.

A

lubrication
facilitate movement
nutrition
supplies O2 and removes CO2

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14
Q

The synovial fluid is continuously replenished and absorbed by the synovial membrane

true or false?

A

true

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15
Q

the presence of what allows the high viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronic acid - mucin

varies with movement

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16
Q

what changes in the synovial fluid during movement?

A

viscosity and elasticity

17
Q

what effect does rapid movement have on the synovial fluid?

A

decreased viscosity
increased elasticity

impaired in osteoarthritis

18
Q

what is the normal WBC count in synovial fluid including polymorphs?

A

<200 WBC/mm3

polymorphs are usually <25/mm3

19
Q

the articular cartilage is usually what?

A

hyaline - elastic and sponge-like

20
Q

what is the cartilage made up of? name all 3.

A

water
collagen
proteoglycan

21
Q

name the net weight in percentage of each element

A

water - 70%
collagen - 20%
proteoglycan - 10%

22
Q

what type of collagen is present?

23
Q

what is the cartilage mainly made up of?

24
Q

what is the ECM synthesised and degraded by?

A

chondrocytes

25
name the catabolic factors in cartilage turnover
TNF-alpha IL-1 inhibit proteoglycan synthesis
26
name the anabolic factors in cartilage turnover
TGF-beta IGF-1 stimulate proteoglycan synthesis
27
name the 2 markers of cartilage degradation
serum and synovial keratin sulphate type II collagen in synovial fluid
28
what does wear and tear result in?
osteoarthritis
29
what does synovial cell proliferation and inflammation cause?
rheumatoid arthritis
30
what does deposition of salt crystals result in?
gouty arthritis
31
what does injury and inflammation to periarticular structures cause?
soft tissue rheumatism
32
name the needle shape and chemical element in gout
needle shaped uric acid
33
ame the needle shape and chemical element in pseudo-gout
rhomboid shaped calcium pyrophosphate
34
which type of gout is more common in the elderly?
pseudo-gout
35
what's the biggest drawback in the jungle?
josh rawcliffes foreskin